Sir C. Hobhouse, Bart.,
Manor House,
Monkton Farleigh,
Bradford-on-Avon.
^ , /^c^^^!^t^i<^'u^^
PAROCHIAL SERMONS.
BY
JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, M.A.
VICAR OF ST. MARY THE VIRGIN's, OXFORD,
AND FELLOW OF ORIEL COLLEGE.
VOL. n.
FOR THE FESTIVALS OF THE CHURCH.
" Well to celebrate these Religious and Sacred Days, is to spend the flower of our time
happily. They are the splendour and outward dignity of our religion, forcible witnesses
of ancient Truth, provocations to the exercises of all piety, shadows of our endless felicity
in heaven, on earth everlasting records and memorials ; wherein they which cannot be
drawn to hearken unto that we teach, may, only by looking upon that we do, in a manner
read whatsoever we believe."— Hooker, Eccles. Pol. v. 71.
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR J. G. & F. RIVINGTON,
ST. Paul's church yard, and waterlog place, pall mall;
& J. H. PARKER, OXFORD.
1836.
LONDON :
Gilbert & Rivington, Printers,
St. John's Square.
TO
JOHN WILLIAM BOWDEN, ESQ.
&c. &c.
IN THE CHEERFUL CONVICTION
THAT THE ENGLISH CHURCH
AMID MANY DEFECTIONS
STILL HOLDS HER INFLUENCE OVER AN
ATTACHED AND ZEALOUS LAITY,
THIS VOLUME
IS INSCRIBED,
BY HIS AFFECTIONATE FRIEND,
J. H. N.
Feb. 2lst, 1885.
?
ADVERTISEMENT.
Some explanation may be necessary by way of
introducing the Reader to the Sermons contained
in this Volume. It has been the writer's practice
upon Festivals, in the course of the Morning
Service appointed for each, to read a short Lec-
ture. When he applied himself to prepare these
Lectures for the press, he found that some of them
required re-writing, and others enlarging ; while
those which belonged to the Sunday Festivals neces-
sarily varied in length and style from such as had
been read on Week-days. The consequence has
been, that what was originally a series abrupt and
incomplete in point of composition, is now wanting
also in uniformity of character, without, in many
cases, becoming exempt from its first defect. More-
over, the circumstances under which it was written,
have occasioned, in some places, a particularity of
A 2
IV ADVERTISEMENT.
remark, which could hardly have been ventured on
in a large and mixed congregation, and elsewhere a
line of thought more abstruse or argumentative than
is commonly advisable in Parochial Sermons.
This is said, only as an apology for the parti-
cular form and cast of the Volume. As for the
matter itself, did the writer ask any indulgence
for it, he would incur the inconsistency of imply-
ing that it ought not to have been given to the
world. Yet he may be allowed to entreat, in
respect both of this and of his former Volume,
that if there are persons who at first reading feel
apprehensive that some of his statements are of
hurtful tendency, they would deal more fairly with
themselves than to begin with a critical, instead of
a practical consideration of them ; and, that, before
they allow themselves to fear for others, they would
consider whether the statements in question have
had any bad effect on their own minds. This he
says, not as forgetful that the true standard and
test of religious teaching are, not its apparent
effects one way or the other, but the rule of
Scripture and Antiquity; but, anticipating that
objections will be brought rather from the supposed
ADVERTISEMENT. V
consequences of his doctrine, than its want of au-
thority, he is desirous that these consequences
should be fairly proved before they are imputed.
On the other hand, should any reader be led to sup-
pose that any thing has been said by way of para-
dox or for novelty's sake, let him first of all inquire,
whether the points objected to do not rather form
part of a whole, — of one integral view of doctrine,
which has ever been supposed to descend in an
unbroken line from the first ages of the Gospel, and
which, far from being the mere food of idle and
ingenious intellects, has before now influenced
Christians to suffer and to lose their all in main-
tenance of it.
He ventures further to hope, that he may not
unnecessarily be supposed in any part of his
Volumes, to be hazarding remarks on opinions or
practices existing within the Church. There are
for the most part objects enough external to it,
which answer to them, and far more legitimately ;
and if there is sufficient reason for noticing the
mistakes in question, on account of the existing
insensibility of Society to the real moral differences
between the Sectarian and the High Apostolical
temper, he conceives that they should not find a
VI ADVERTISEMENT.
shelter in the mere accident, that they are not
altogether without advocates among ourselves.
In conclusion, he must express his great obliga-
tions, in the matter of these Volumes, to the un-
conscious assistance of a Friend, with whom he is
in habits of familiarity, and whose stray observa-
tions he has pleasure in detecting in them. He
makes this acknowledgment in case any coinci-
dences of remark should be hereafter traceable
between them and any future publication of the
Author of the Christian Year.
CONTENTS.
SERMON I.
THE FEAST OF ST. ANDREW THE APOSTLE.
THE world's benefactors.
John i. 40.
PAGE
One of the two which heard John speak, and followed Him, was
Andrew, Simon Peter's brother .-.. 1
SERMON II.
THE FEAST OF ST. THOMAS THE APOSTLE.
FAITH WITHOUT SIGHT.
John xx. 29.
Thomas, because thou hast seen Me, thou hast believed ; blessed
are they that have not seen, and yet have believed 14
SERMON III.
THE FEAST OF THE NATIVITY OF OUR LORD.
THE INCARNATION.
John i. 14.
The Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us 29
VIU CONTENTS.
SERMON IV.
THE FEAST OF ST. STEPHEN THE MARTYR.
MARTYRDOM.
Heb. xi. 37.
PAGE
They were stoned, they were sawn asunder, were tempted, were
slain with the sword 46
SERMON V.
THE FEAST OF ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST.
LOVE OF RELATIONS AND FRIENDS.
1 John iv. 7-
Beloved, let us love one another, for love is of God 57
SERMON VI.
THE FEAST OF THE HOLY INNOCENTS.
THE MIND OF LITTLE CHILDREN.
Matt, xviii. 3.
Except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall
not enter into the kingdom of Heaven 68
SERMON VII.
THE FEAST OF THE CIRCUMCISION OF OUR LORD.
CEREMONIES OF THE CHURCH.
Matt. iii. 15.
SuflFer it to be so now; for thus it becometh us to fulfil all
righteousness , . . 76
CONTENTS. IX
SERMON VIII.
THE FEAST OF THE EPIPHANY.
THE GLORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
Isaiah Ix, 1.
PAGE
Arise, shine, for thy light is come, and the glory of the Lord is
risen upon thee 88
SERMON IX.
THE FEAST OF THE CONVERSION OF ST. PAUL.
VIEWED IN REFERENCE TO HIS OFFICE.
1 CoR. XV. 9, 10.
I am the least of the Apostles, that am not meet to be called an
Apostle, because I persecuted the Church of God. But by
the grace of God I am what I am : and His grace which was
bestowed upon me was not in vain; but I laboured more
abundantly than they all : yet not I, but the grace of God
which was with me 106
SERMON X.
THE FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE BLESSED
VIRGIN MARY.
SECRECY AND SUDDENNESS OF DIVINE VISITATIONS.
Luke xviii. 20.
The kingdom of God cometh not with observation 119
X CONTENTS.
SERMON XI.
THE FEAST OF ST. MATTHIAS THE APOSTLE.
DIVINE DECREES.
Rev. iii. 11.
PAGE
Hold that fast which thou hast, that no man take thy crown .... 131
SERMON XII.
THE FEAST OF THE ANNUNCIATION OF THE BLESSED
VIRGIN MARY.
THE REVERENCE DUE TO HER.
Luke i. 48.
From henceforth all generations shall call me blessed 142
SERMON XIII.
THE FEAST OF THE RESURRECTION OF OUR LORD.
CHRIST, A QUICKENING SPIRIT.
Luke xxiv. 5, 6.
Why seek ye the Living among the dead ? He is not here, but is
risen ^-... ..,. 156
SERMON XIV.
MONDAY IN EASTER WEEK.
SAVING KNOWLEDGE.
1 John ii. 3.
Hereby we do know that we know Him, if we keep His com-
mandments 170
1
CONTENTS. XI
SERMON XV.
TUESDAY IN EASTER WEEK.
SELF-CONTEMPLATION.
Hebrews xii. 2.
PAGE
Looking unto Jesus, the Author and Finisher of our faith 183
SERMON XVI.
THE FEAST OF ST. MARK THE EVANGELIST.
RELIGIOUS COWARDICE.
Hebrews xii. 12.
Lift up the hands which hang down, and the feeble knees 196
SERMON XVII.
THE FEAST OF ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES
THE APOSTLES.
THE GOSPEL WITNESSES.
2 Cor. xiii. 1.
In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be esta-
blished 204
SERMON XVIII.
THE FEAST OF THE ASCENSION OF OUR LORD.
MYSTERIES IN RELIGION.
Romans viii. 34.
It is Christ that died, yea rather, that is risen again, who is even
at the right hand of God, who also maketh intercession for
us 230
XU CONTENTS.
SERMON XIX.
THE FEAST OF PENTECOST.
THE INDWELLING SPIRIT.
Romans viii. 9.
PAGE
Ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if so be that the Spirit of
God dwell in you 242
SERMON XX.
MONDAY IN WHITS UN WEEK.
THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS.
Dan. ii. 35.
The stone that smote the Image became a great Mountain, and
filled the whole earth ^. . ► 259
SERMON XXI.
TUESDAY IN WHITSUN WEEK.
THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS.
DAN.ii. 35.
The stone that smote the Image became a great Mountain, and
filled the whole earth 272
SERMON XXII.
TRINITY SUNDAY.
THE GOSPEL, A TRUST COMMITTED TO US.
2 Tim. vi. 20, 21.
O Timothy, keep that which is committed to Thy trust, avoiding
profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely
so called ; which some professing, have erred concerning the
Faith 284
CONTENTS. Xlll
SERMON XXIII.
THE FEAST OF ST. BARNABAS THE APOSTLE.
TOLERANCE OF RELIGIOUS ERROR.
Acts xi. 24.
PAGE
He was a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost, and of faith .... 305
SERMON XXIV.
THE FEAST OF THE NATIVITY OF ST. JOHN BAPTIST.
REBUKING SIN.
Mark vi. 18.
John had said unto Herod, It is not lawful for thee to have thy
brother's wife 324
SERMON XXV.
THE FEAST OF ST. PETER THE APOSTLE.
THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY.
Luke vii. 28.
I say unto you. Among those that are born of women there is not
a greater prophet than John the Baptist : but he that is least
in the kingdom of God is greater than he 332
SERMON XXVI.
THE FEAST OF ST. JAMES THE APOSTLE.
HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY.
Matt. xx. 23.
To sit on My right hand and on My left, is not Mine to give ; but
it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared of My
Father „ 357
XIV CONTENTS.
t
SERMON XXVII.
THE FEAST OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE.
GUILELESSNESS.
John i. 47.
PAGE
Jesus saw Nathanael coming to Him, and saith of him. Behold
an Israehte indeed, in whom is no guile 372
SERMON XXVIII.
THE FEAST OF ST. MATTHEW THE APOSTLE.
THE DANGER OF RICHES.
Luke vi. 24.
Woe unto you that are rich ! for ye have received your consola-
tion , 383
SERMON XXIX.
THE FEAST OF ST. MICHAEL AND ALL ANGELS.
THE POWERS OF NATURE.
Psalm civ. 4.
Who maketh His Angels spirits. His Ministers a flaming fire. . 400
SERMON XXX.
THE FEAST OF ST. LUKE THE EVANGELIST.
THE DANGER OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS.
ExoD. xxxi. 6.
In the hearts of all that are wise-hearted, I have put wisdom .... 411
CONTENTS. XV
SERMON XXXI.
THE FEAST OF ST. SIMON AND ST. JUDE THE APOSTLES.
CHRISTIAN ZEAL.
John ii. 17.
PAGE
The zeal of Thine House hath eaten Me up 424
SERMON XXXII.
THE FEAST OF ALL SAINTS.
USE OF saints' days.
Acts i. 8.
Ye shall be Witnesses unto Me, both in Jerusalem, and in all
Judea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of the
earth 440
SERMON I.
THE FEAST OF ST. ANDREW THE APOSTLE.
THE WORLD'S BENEFACTORS.
John i. 40.
One of the two which heard John speak, and followed him, was
Andrew, Simon Peter's brother.
With this Festival we begin our year, — thus usher-
ing in, with a few weeks of preparation, the day of
Christ's Nativity. St. Andrew, whom we now com-
memorate, has been placed first of the Apostles,
because, (as far as Scripture informs us,) he was
the first among them who found the Messiah, and
sought to be His disciple. The circumstances
which preceded his call are related in the passage
of the Gospel from which the text is taken.
We are there informed that it was John the
Baptist who pointed out to him his Saviour. It
was fitting that the forerunner of Christ should be
the instrument of leading to Him the first-fruits of
his Apostles.
VOL. II. B
2 ST. ANDREW. [Serm.
St. Andrew, who was already one of St. John's
disciples, was attending on his master with another,
when, as it happened, Jesus passed by. The
Baptist, who had from the first declared his own
subordinate place in the dispensation which was
then opening, took this occasion of pointing out to
his two disciples Him in whom it centered. He
said, " Behold the Lamb of God ; this is He of
whom I spake, whom the Father has chosen and
sent, the true sacrificial Lamb, by whose sufferings
the sins of the world will be expiated." On
hearing this, the two disciples, (Andrew, I say,
being one of them,) straightway left John and
followed Christ. He turned round and asked
them, " What seek ye?" They expressed their
desire to be allowed to wait upon His teaching ;
and He suffered them to accompany Him home,
and to pass that day with Him. What He said
to them is not told us ; but St. Andrew received
such confirmation of the truth of the Baptist's
words, that in consequence he went after his own
brother to tell him what he had found. " He first
findeth his own brother Simon, and saith unto
him, we have found the Messias .... and he
brought him to Jesus."
St. John the Evangelist, who has been guided to
preserve various notices concerning the separate
Apostles, which are not contained in the three first
Gospels, speaks of Andrew in two other places ; and
introduces him under circumstances, which show
I.] THE WORLD'S BENEFACTORS. 3
that, little as is known of this Apostle now, he was,
in fact, very high in the favour and confidence of
his Lord. In his twelfth chapter he describes
Andrew as bringing to Christ certain Greeks
who came up to Jerusalem to worship, and who
were desirous of seeing Him. And, what is re-
markable, these strangers had first applied to
St. Philip, who, though an Apostle himself, in-
stead of taking upon him to introduce them, had
recourse to his fellow-townsman, St. Andrew, as
if, whether from age or intimacy with Christ, a
more suitable channel for furthering their petition.
" Philip cometh, and telleth Andrew ; and again,
Andrew and Philip tell Jesus."
These two Apostles are also mentioned together
in the sixth chapter of the same Gospel, at the
consultation which preceded the miracle of the
loaves and fishes; and there again Andrew is en-
gaged, as before, in the office of introducing
strangers to Christ. " There is a lad here," he
says to his Lord, a lad who, perhaps, had not
courage to come forward of himself, "which hath
five barley loaves and two small fishes."
The information afforded by these passages, of
St. Andrew's especial acceptableness to Christ
among the Apostles, is confirmed by the only
place in the other Gospels, besides the catalogue,
in which his name occurs. After our Lord had
predicted the ruin of the Temple, " Peter, James,
John, and Andrew, asked Him privately, Tell us,
b2
4 ST. ANDREW. [Skrm.
when shall these things be * ?" and it was to these
four that our Saviour revealed the signs of His
coming, and of the end of the world. Here St.
Andrew is represented as in the especial confidence
of Christ ; and associated too with those Apostles,
whom He is known to have selected from the
Twelve, on various occasions, by tokens of his
peculiar favour.
Little is known of St. Andrew in addition to
these inspired notices of him. He is said to have
preached the Gospel in Scythia ; and he was at
length martyred in Achaia. His death was by
crucifixion ; that kind of cross being used, accord-
ing to the tradition, which still goes by his name.
Yet, little as Scripture tells us concerning him, it
affords us enough for a lesson, and that an import-
ant one. These are the facts before us. St.
Andrew was the first convert among the Apostles ;
he was especially in our Lord's confidence ; thrice
is he described as introducing others to Him;
lastly, he is little known in history, while the place
of dignity and the name of highest renown, have
been allotted to his brother Simon, whom he was
the means of bringing to the knowledge of his
Saviour.
Our lesson, then, is this ; that those men are not
necessarily the most useful men in their genera-
tion, nor the most favoured by God, who make the
' Mark xiii. 3.
I.] THE WORLD'S BENEFACTORS. 5
most noise in the world, and who seem to be prin-
cipals in the great changes and events recorded in
history ; on the contrary, that even when we are
able to point to a certain number of men as the
real instruments of any great blessings vouchsafed
to mankind, our relative estimate of them, one with
another, is often very erroneous : so that on the
whole, if we would trace truly the hand of God in
human affairs, and pursue His bounty as displayed
in the world to its original sources, we must unlearn
our admiration of the powerful and distinguished,
our reliance on the opinion of society, our respect
for the decisions of the learned or the multitude,
and turn our eyes to private life, watching in all
we read or witness for the true signs of God's
presence, the graces of personal holiness mani-
fested in His elect ; which, weak as they may seem
to mankind, are mighty through God, and have an
influence upon the course of His Providence, and
bring about great events in the world at large,
when the wisdom and strength of the natural man
are of no avail.
Now, first, observe the operation of this law of
God's government, in respect to the introduction
of those temporal blessings which are of the first
importance in securing our well-being and comfort
in the present life. For example, who was the
first cultivator of corn ? who first tamed and
domesticated the animals whose strength we use,
and whom we make our food? Or who first
6 ST. ANDREW. [Serm.
discovered the medicinal herbs which, from the
earliest times, have been our resource against
disease ? If it was mortal man, who thus looked
through the vegetable and animal worlds, and dis-
criminated between the useful and the worthless,
his name is unknown to the millions whom he
has benefited. It is notorious, that those who
first suggest the most happy inventions, and open a
way to the secret stores of nature, — those who
weary themselves in the search after Truth, strike
out momentous principles of action, painfully force
upon their contemporaries the adoption of bene-
ficial measures, or, again, are the original cause
of the chief events in national history, are com-
monly supplanted, as regards celebrity and reward,
by inferior men. Their works are not called after
them ; nor the arts and systems which they have
given the world. Their schools are usurped by
strangers ; and their maxims of wisdom circulate
among the children of their people, forming,
perhaps, a nation's character, but not embalming in
their own immortality the names of their original
authors.
Such is the history of the social and political
world ; and the rule discernible in it is still more
clearly established in the world of morals and reli-
gion. Who taught the Doctors and Saints of the
Church, who, in their day, or in after times, have
been the most illustrious expounders of the pre-
cepts of right and wTong, and, by word and deed,
I.] THE WORLD'S BENEFACTORS. 7
are the guides of our conduct? Did Almighty
Wisdom speak to them through the operation of
their own minds, or rather, did it not subject them
to instructors unknown to fame, wiser perhaps
even than themselves ? Andrew followed John the
Baptist, while Simon remained at his nets. Andrew
first recognised the Messiah among the inhabi-
tants of despised Nazareth ; and he brought his
brother to him. Yet to Andrew Christ spake no
word of commendation, which has been allowed to
continue on record ; whereas to Simon, even on
his first coming. He gave the honourable name by
which he is now designated, and afterwards put
him forward as the typical foundation of His
Church. Nothing indeed can hence be inferred,
one way or the other, concerning the relative ex-
cellence of the two brothers ; so far only appears,
that, in the providential course of events, the one
was the secret beginner, and the other the public
instrument of a great divine work. St. Paul,
again, was honoured with the distinction of a
miraculous conversion, and was called to be the
chief agent of the propagation of the Gospel among
the heathen ; yet to Ananias, an otherwise un-
known saint, dwelling at Damascus, was com-
mitted the high office of conveying the gifts of
pardon and the Holy Ghost to the Apostle of the
Gentiles.
Providence thus acts daily. The early life of
all men is private ; it is as children, generally,
8 ST. ANDREW. [Serm.
that their characters are formed to good or evil;
and those who form them to good, their truest
and chief benefactors, are unknown to the world.
It has been remarked, that some of the most emi-
nent Christians have been blessed with religious
mothers, and have in after life referred their own
graces to the instrumentality of their teaching.
Augustine has preserved to the Church the history
of his mother Monica ; but in the case of others,
even the name is denied to us of our great bene-
factress, whosoever she was, — and sometimes, doubt-
less, the circumstunce of her service altogether.
When we look at the history of inspiration, the
same rule still holds. Consider the Old Testa-
ment, which " makes us wise unto salvation." How
great a part of it is written by authors un-
known ! The book of Judges, the Second of
Samuel, the books of Kings, Chronicles, Esther,
and Job, and great part of the book of Psalms.
The last instance is the most remarkable of these.
" Profitable" beyond words as is the instniction
conveyed to us in every page of Scripture, yet the
Psalms have been the most directly and visibly
useful part of the whole volume, having been the
prayer-book of the Church ever since they were
written ; and have done more, (as far as we dare
judge,) to prepare souls for heaven, than any of
the inspired books, except the Gospels. Yet, the
authors of a large portion of them are altogether
unknown. And so with the Liturgies, Mhich have
L] THE WORLD'S BENEFACTORS. 9
been the possession of the Christian Church from
the beginning; who were those matured and ex-
alted Saints who left them to us ? Nay, in the
whole system of our worship, who are the authors
of each decorous provision and each edifying cus-
tom ? Who found out the musical tunes, in which
our praises are offered up to God, and in which
resides so wondrous a persuasion " to worship and
fall down, and kneel before the Lord our Maker?"
Who were those religious men, our spiritual fathers
in the " Catholic faith," who raised of old time the
excellent fabrics all over the country, in which we
worship, though with less of grateful reverence for
their memory than we might piously express ? Of
these greatest men in every age, there is " no me-
morial :" they " are perished as though they had
never been, and become as though they had never
been born."
Now I know that reflections of this kind are apt
to sadden and vex us ; and such of us particularly
as are gifted with ardent and enthusiastic minds,
with a generous love of what is great and good,
and a noble hatred of injustice. These men find
it difficult to reconcile themselves to the notion
that the triumph of the Truth in all its forms, is
postponed to the next world. They would fain
anticipate the coming of the righteous Judge ; nay,
perhaps they are somewhat too favourably disposed
towards the present world, to acquiesce without
resistance in a doctrine which testifies to the cor-
10 ST. ANDREW. [Serm.
ruption of its decisions, and the worthlessness of
its honours. But that it is a truth, has already
been showed almost as matter of fact, putting the
evidence of Scripture out of consideration ; and if
it be such, it is our wisdom, as it will become our
privilege, to accustom our minds to it, and to re-
ceive it, not in word merely, but in seriousness.
Why indeed should we shrink from this gracious
law of God's present providence in our own case,
or in the case of those we love, when our subjec-
tion to it does but associate us with the best and
noblest of our race, and with beings of nature and
condition superior to our own ? Andrew is scarcely
known, except by name; while Peter has ever
held the place of honour all over the Church ; yet
Andrew brought Peter to Christ. And are not the
Blessed Angels unknown to the world? and is not
God Himself, the Author of all good, hid from
mankind at large, partially manifested and poorly
glorified, in a few scattered servants here and there?
and His Spirit, do we know whence It cometh, and
whither It goeth ? and though He has taught men
whatever there has been of wisdom among them
from the beginning, yet when He came on earth
in visible form, even then it was said of Him, " The
world knew Him not." His marvellous providence
works beneath a veil, which speaks but an untrue
language ; and, to see Him who is the Truth and
the Life, we must stoop underneath it, and so in
our turn hide ourselves from the world. They who
1-2
I.] THE WORLD'S BENEFACTORS. 1 1
present themselves at kings' courts, pass on to the
inner chambers, where the gaze of the rude multi-
tude cannot pierce ; and we, if we would see the
King of kings in His glory, must be content to
disappear from the things that are seen. Hid are
the saints of God ; if they are known to men, it is
accidentally, in their temporal offices, as holding
some high earthly station, or effecting some mere
civil work, not as saints. St. Peter has a place in
history, far more as a chief instrument of a strange
revolution in human affairs, than in his true cha-
racter, as a self-denying follower of his Lord, to
whom truths were revealed which flesh and blood
could not discern.
How poor-spirited are we, and what dishonour
we put upon the capabilities and the true excel-
lence of our nature, when we subject it to the
judgment and disposal of all its baser specimens,
to the rude and ignorant praise, and poor recom-
pensing of carnal and transgressing man ! How
shall the flesh be at all a judge of the spirit ? or the
sinner of God's elect ? Are we to look downwards,
not upwards? Shall we basely acknowledge the
right of the Many, who tread the broad way, to be
the judge of holiness, which comes from God, and
appeals to Him ? And does not the eye of faith
discern witnesses of our conduct, ever present, and
far worthier of our respect, than even a world of the
ungodly? Is man the noblest being in the creation?
Surely we, as well as our Divine Lord, are " seen
12 ST. ANDREW. [Serm.
of Angels ;" nay, and ministered unto by them,
much as they excel us in strength ! St. Paul
plainly tells us that it is God's purpose that " His
manifold wisdom should be known to the heavenly
principalities and powers, through the Church '."
When we are made Christians, we are baptized
" into that within the veil," we are brought near
to an innumerable company of Angels ; and resem-
bling them in their hidden condition, share their
sympathy and their services. Therefore, the same
Apostle exhorts Timothy to persevere in obedience,
not only by the thought of God, but by that of the
Angels; and surely we ought to cultivate the habit-
ual feeling, that they see us in our most private
deeds, and most carefully guarded solitudes.
It is more than enough for a sinful mortal to be
made a fellow-worker and fellow-worshipper with
the Blessed Spirits, and the servant and the son of
God Most High. Rather let us try to realize our
privilege, and withal humble ourselves at our want
of faith. We are the elect of God, and have en-
trance " through the gates into the'' heavenly
" City," while we " do His commandments ^" fol-
lowing Christ as Andrew did, when pointed out to
us by His preachers and ministers. To those who
thus " follow on to know" Him, He manifests Him-
self, while He is hid from the world. They are
near Him, as His confidential servants, and are the
' Eph. iii. 10. ' Rev. xxii. 14.
I.] THE WORLD'S BENEFACTORS. 13
real agents in the various providences which occur
in the history of nations, though overlooked by
their annalists and sages. They bring before Him
the temporal wants of men, witnessing His marvel-
lous doings with the barley loaves and fishes ; they
too, lead strangers before Him for His favourable
notice, and for His teaching. And, when He brings
trouble and distress upon a sinful people, they have
truest knowledge of His will, and can best inter-
pret His works; for they had lived in contemplation
and prayer, and while others praise the goodly stones
and buildings of the external Temple, have heard
from Him in secret how the end shall be. Thus
they live ; and when they die, the world knows
nothing of its loss, and soon lets slip what it might
have retained of their history ; but the Church of
Christ does what she can, gathering together their
relics, and honouring their name, even when their
works cannot be found. But those works have fol-
lowed them ; and, at the appearing of their Lord in
judgment, will be at length displayed before all the
world, and for His merits eternally rewarded in His
heavenly kingdom. f^^^^^f^/,;
SERMON 11.
THE FEAST OF ST. THOMAS THE APOSITjE
FAITH WITHOUT SIGHT.
John xx. 29.
Thomas, because thou hast seen Me, thou hast believed ; blessed
are they that have not seen, and yet have believed.
St. Thomas is the Apostle who doubted of our
Lord's resurrection. This want of faith has given
him a sort of character in the minds of most people,
which is referred to in the Collect for the day. Yet
we must not suppose that he differed greatly from
the other Apostles. They all, more or less, mis-
trusted Christ's promises when they saw Him led
away to be crucified. When He was buried, their
hopes were buried with Him ; and when the news
was brought them, that He was risen again, they
all disbelieved it. On His appearing to them. He
" upbraided them with their unbelief and hardness
of heart ^" But, as St. Thomas was not present at
this time, and only heard from his fellow Apostles
* Mark xvi. 14.
Seiim. II.] FAITH WITHOUT SIGHT. 15
that they had seen the Lord, his time of perplexity
and darkness lasted longer than theirs. At the
news of this great miracle, he expressed his deter-
mination not to believe unless he himself saw
Christ, and was allowed to touch Him. And thus
by an apparently accidental circumstance, Thomas
is singled out from his brethren, who at first dis-
believed as well as he, as if an especial instance of
unbelief. None of them believed till they saw
Christ, except St. John, and he too hesitated at
first. Thomas was convinced latest, because he
saw Christ latest. On the other hand, it is certain
that, though he disbelieved the good news of
Christ's resurrection at first, he was no cold-hearted
follower of his Lord, as appears from his conduct
on a previous occasion, when he expressed a desire
to share danger, and to suffer with Him. When
Christ was setting out for Judaea to raise Lazarus
from the dead, the disciples said, " Master, the
Jews of late sought to stone Thee, and goest Thou
thither again ' ?" When He remained in His in-
tention, Thomas said to the rest, " Let us also go,
that we may die with Him." This journey ended, as
His Apostles had foreboded, in their Lord's death ;
they indeed escaped, but it was at the instance of
Thomas that they hazarded their lives with Him.
St. Thomas then loved his Master, as became
an Apostle, and was devoted to His service ; but
^ John xi. 8.
16 ST. THOMAS. [Skrm.
when he saw Him crucified, his faith failed for a
season with that of the rest. At the same time we
need not deny that his especial doubts of Christ's
resurrection were not altogether owing to circum-
stances, but in a measure arose from some faulty
state of mind. St. John's narrative itself, and our
Saviour's speech to him, convey an impression that
he was more to blame than the rest. His standing
out alone, not against one witness only, but against
his ten fellow disciples, besides Mary Magdalene
and the other women, is evidence of this ; and his
very strong words, " Except I shall see in His
hands the print of the nails, and put my finger
into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand
into His side, I will not believe \" And it is ob-
servable, that little as we know of St. Thomas, yet
the one remaining recorded speech of his (before
Christ's crucifixion), intimates something of the
same doubting perplexed state of mind. When
Christ said He was going to his Father, and by a
way which they all knew, Thomas interposed with
an argument ; " Lord, we know not whither Thou
goest, and how can we know the way ^ ?" that is, we
do not see heaven, or the God of heaven, how can
we know the way thither ? He seems to have re-
quired some sensible insight into the unseen state,
some infallible sign from heaven, a ladder of Angels
like Jacob's, which would remove anxiety by show-
* John XX. 25. * John xiv. 5.
II.] FAITH WITHOUT SIGHT. 17
ing him the end of the journey at the time he set
out. Some such secret craving after certainty
beset him. And a like desire rose within him on the
news of Christ's resurrection. Being weak in faith,
he suspended his judgment, and seemed resolved
not to believe any thing, till he was told every
thing. Accordingly, when our Saviour appeared
to him, eight days after His appearance to the
rest, while He allowed Thomas his wish, and satis-
fied his senses that He was really alive. He accom-
panied the permission with a rebuke, and intimated
that by yielding to his weakness, he was withdraw-
ing what was a real blessedness. " Reach hither
thy finger, and behold my hands, and reach hither
thy hand, and thrust it into my side, and be not
faithless but believing. And Thomas answered and
said unto him, My Lord and my God. Jesus saith
unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen me,
thou hast believed : blessed are they that have not
seen and yet have believed \"
However, after all, we are not so much con-
cerned with considerations respecting the natural
disposition and temper of the Blessed Apostle,
whom we to-day commemorate, as with the parti-
cular circumstance in which his name occurs, and
with our Saviour's comment upon it. All His dis-
ciples minister to Him ; and, as in other ways, so
' 1 John XX. 27—29.
VOL. II. C *
18 ST. THOMAS. [Sekm.
also in giving occasion for the words of gi*ace
which proceed from His mouth. They minister
to Him even in their weaknesses, which are often
brought to light in Scripture, not hidden as Chris-
tian friends would hide in piety, that so He may
convert them into instruction and comfort for His
Church. Thus Martha's over-earnestness in house-
hold duties has drawn from Him a sanction for a
life of contemplation and prayer;! and so, in the
history before us, the over-caution of St. Thomas
has gained for us His promise of especial blessing
on those who believe without having seen. I pro-
ceed to make some remarks on the nature of this
believing temper, and why it is blessed.
It is scarcely necessary to observe, that what
our Saviour says to Thomas so clearly and impres-
sively, He has implied, in one way or other, all
through His ministry ; the blessedness of a mind
that believes readily. His demand and trial of
faith in the case of those who came for His mira-
culous aid, His praise of it where found, His
sorrow where it was wanting. His warnings against
hardness of heart ; all are evidence of this. " Ve-
rily I say unto you, I have not found so great
faith, no not in Israel." " Daughter, be of good
comfort, thy faith hath made thee whole." " Thy
faith hath saved thee, go in peace." " An evil
and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign."
" O fools, and slow of heart to believe all that
y.
II.] FAITH WITHOUT SIGHT. 19
the prophets have spoken \" These will remind
us of a multitude of similar passages in especial
praise of faith. St. Paul pursues the same line of
doctrine begun by his Lord. In three Epistles
he sets before us the peculiar place it holds
among the evidences of a religious mind ; and
each time refers to a passage in the Prophets,
in order to show that he was bringing in no new
doctrine, but only teaching that which had been
promulged from the beginning. In consequence,
in our ordinary language we speak of religion being
built upon faith, not upon reason : on the other
hand, it is as common for those who scoff at religion
to object this very doctrine against us, as if, in so
saying, we had almost admitted that Christianity
was not true. Let us then consider how the case
stands.
Every religious mind, under every dispensation
of Providence, will be in the habit of looking out
of and beyond self, as regards all matters connected
with its highest good. For a man of religious mind
is he who attends to the rule of conscience, which
is born with him, which he did not make for him-
self, and to which he feels bound in duty to submit.
And conscience immediately directs his thoughts
to some Being exterior to himself, who gave it,
and who evidently is superior to him ; for a law
^ Matt. viii. 10 ; ix. 22. Luke vii. 50. Matt. xii. 39.
Luke xxiv. 25.
c2
20 ST. THOMAS. [Sehm.
implies a lawgiver, and a command implies a
superior. Thus a man is at once thrown out of
himself, by the very Voice which speaks within
him ; and while he rules his heart and conduct by
his inward sense of right and wrong, not by the
maxims of the external world, yet that inward
sense does not allow him to rest in itself, but
sends him forth again from home to seek abroad
for Him who has put His Word in him. He looks
forth into the world to seek Him who is not of the
world, to find behind the shadows and deceits of
this shifting scene of time and sense, Him whose
Word is eternal, and whose Presence is spiritual.
He looks out of himself for that Living Word to
which he may attribute what has echoed in his
heart ; and being sure that it is to be found some-
where, he is predisposed to find it, and often
thinks he has found it when he has not. Hence,
if truth is not at hand, he is apt to mistake error
for truth, to consider as the presence and especial
work of God what is not so; and thinking any-
thing preferable to scepticism, he becomes (what
is sometimes imputed to him by way of reproach,)
superstitious. This, you may suppose, is the state
of the better sort of persons in a heathen country.
They are not vouchsafed the truer tokens of God's
power and will, which we possess ; so they fancy
where they cannot find, and, having consciences
more acute than their reasoning powers, they per-
vert and misuse even those indications of God
II.] FAITH WITHOUT SIGHT. 21
which are provided for them in nature. This is
one cause of the false divinities of pagan worship,
which are tokens of guilt in the worshipper, not
(as we trust) when they could know no better, but
when they have turned from the light, not liking
" to retain God in their knowledge." And if this
is the course of a religious mind, even when it is
not blessed with the news of divine truth, much
more will it welcome and gladly commit itself to
the hand of God, when allowed to discern it in the
Gospel. Such is faith as it exists in the multitude
of those who believe, arising from their sense of the
presence of God, originally certified to them by the
inward voice of conscience.
On the other hand, such persons as prefer this
world to the leadings of God's Spirit within them,
soon lose their perception of the latter, and lean
upon the world as a god. Having no presentiment
of any Invisible Guide, who has a claim to be fol-
lowed in matters of conduct, they consider nothing
to have a substance but what meets their senses,
are contented with this, and draw their rules of
life from it. They truly are in no danger of being
superstitious or credulous; for they feel no ante-
cedent desire or persuasion that God may have
made a revelation of Himself in the world ; and
when they hear of events supernatural, they come
to the examination of them as calmly and dis-
passionately as if they were judges in a court of
law, or inquiring into points of science. They ac-
22 ST. THOMAS. [Serm.
knowledge no especial interest in the question
proposed to them ; and they find it no efTort to
use their intellect upon it as truly, as if it were
some external instrument which could not be
swayed. Here then we see two opposite characters
V of mind, the one credulous (as it would be com-
monly called,) the latter candid, well-judging, and
sagacious; and it is clear that the former of the
two is the religious temper rather than the latter.
In this way then, if in no other, faith and reason
are opposed ; and to believe much is more blessed
than to believe little.
But this is not all. Every one who tries to do
God's will, is sure to find he cannot do it perfectly.
He will feel himself to be full of imperfection and
sin ; and the more he succeeds in regulating his
heart, the more he will discern its original bitter-
ness and guilt. Here is an additional cause of a
religious man's looking out of himself. He knows
the evil of his nature, and forebodes God's wrath as
its consequence, and when he looks around him,
he sees it reflected from within upon the face of
the world. He fears ; and, in consequence, seeks
about for some means of propitiating his Maker,
for some token, if so be, of God's relenting. He
cannot stay at home; he cannot rest in himself;
he wanders about from very anxiety ; he needs
some one to speak peace to his soul. Should a
man come to him professing to be a messenger
from heaven, he is at once arrested and listens ;
1
II.] FAITH WITHOUT SIGHT. 23
and, whether such profession be actually true or
false, yet his first desire is that it may be true.
Those, on the contrary, who are without this sense
of sin, can bear the first news of God's having
spoken to man, without being startled. They can
patiently wait till the body of evidence is brought
out before them, and then receive or reject as reason
may determine for them.
Further still, let us suppose two persons of strong-
mind, not easily exciteable, sound judging and
cautious; and let them be equally endowed in these
respects. Now there is an additional reason why,
of these two, he who is religious will believe more
and reason less than the irreligious; that is, if a
man's acting upon a message is the measure of his
believing it, as the common sense of the world will
determine. For in anv matter so momentous and
practical as the welfare of the soul, a wise man will
not wait for the fullest evidence, before he acts ;
and will show his caution, not in remaining unin-
fluenced by the existing report of a divine message,
but by obeying it though it might be more clearly
attested. If it is but slightly probable that rejec-
tion of the Gospel will involve his eternal ruin, it
is safest and wisest to act as if it were certain. On
the other hand, when a man does not make the
truth of Christianity a practical concern, but a mere
matter of philosophical or historical research, he
will feel himself at leisure, (and reasonably on his
own grounds,) to find fault with the evidence.
24 ST. THOMAS. [Serm.
When we inquire into a point of history, or inves-
tigate an opinion in science, we do demand decisive
evidence ; we consider it allowable to wait till we
obtain it, to remain undecided, in a word to be
sceptical. If religion be not a practical matter, it is
right and philosophical in us to be sceptics. Assur-
edly higher and fuller evidence of its truth might
be given us ; and, after all, there are a number of
deep questions concerning the laws of nature, the
constitution of the human mind, and the like,
which must be solved before we can feel perfectly
satisfied. And those whose hearts are not " tender ',"
as Scripture expresses it, that is, who have not a
vivid perception of the Divine Voice within them,
and of the necessity of His existence from whom
it issues, do not feel Christianity as a practical
matter, and let it pass accordingly. They are ac-
customed to say that death will soon come upon
them and solve the great secret for them without
their trouble, that is, they wait for sight ; not under-
standing, or being able to be made to comprehend,
that their solving this great problem without sight
is the very end and business of their mortal life ;
according to St. Paul's decision that faith is " the
substance," or the realizing, " of things hoped
for," " the evidence," or the making trial of, the
acting on the belief of " things not seen ^." What
the Apostle says of Abraham is a description of
' 2 Kings xxiL 19. ' Heb. xi. 1.
II.] FAITH WITHOUT SIGHT. 25
all true faith ; it goes out not knowing whither it
goes. It does not crave or bargain to see the end
of the journey ; it does not argue with St. Thomas,
in the days of his ignorance, " we know not whither,
and how can we know the way ?" it is persuaded that
it has quite enough light to walk by, far more than
sinful man has a right to expect, if it sees one step -(-
in advance ; and it leaves all knowledge of the
country over which it is journeying, to Him who
calls it on.
And this blessed temper of mind, which influ-
ences religious men in the greater matter of choos-
ing or rejecting the Gospel, extends itself also into
their reception of it in all its parts. As faith is
content with but a little light to begin its journey
by, and makes it much by acting upon it, so also
it reads, as it were, by twilight, the message of
truth in its various details. It does not stipulate
that the text of Scripture should admit of rigid
and laboured proofs of its doctrines; it has the
practical wisdom to consider that the word of God
must have mainly one and one only sense, and to
try, as well as may be, to find out what that sense
is, whether the evidence of it be great or little, and
not to quarrel with it if it is not overpowering. It
keeps steadily in view that Christ speaks in Scrip-
ture, and receives His words as if it heat'd them,
as if some superior and friend spoke them, one
whom it wished to please ; not as if it were engaged
upon the dead letter of a document, which admitted
26 ST. THOMAS. [Serm.
of rude handling, of criticism and exception. It
looks off from self to Christ ; and instead of seek-
ing impatiently for some personal assurance, is set
on obedience, saying, " Here am I, send me." And
in like manner towards every institution of Christ,
His Church, His Sacraments, and His Ministers, it
acts not as a disputer of this world, but as the
disciple of Him who appointed them. Lastly, it
rests contented with the revelation made it ; it has
" found the Messias," and that is enough. The
very principle of its former restlessness now keeps
it from wandering. When " the Son of God is
come, and hath given us an understanding to know
the true God," wavering, fearfulness, superstitious
trust in the creature, pursuit of novelties, are signs,
not of faith, but of unbelief '.
Much might be added in conclusion by way of
applying what has been said to the temper of our
own day, in which men around us are apt almost
to make it a boast that " theirs is a rational reli-
gion." Doubtless, this happens to be the case ;
but it is no necessary mark of a true religion that
it is rational in the common sense of the word;
nor is it any credit to a man to have resolved only
to take up with what he considers rational. The
true religion is partly altogether above reason, as
in its Mysteries ; and so again, it might have been
introduced into the world without that array of
' Vide Cant. iii. 1 — 4.
II.] FAITH WITHOUT SIGHT. 27
Evidences, as they are called, which our reason is
able and delights to draw out ; yet it would not on
that account have been less true. As far as it is
above reason, as far as it has extended into any
countries without sufficient proof of its divinity, so
far it cannot be called rational. Indeed, that it is
at all level to the reason, is rather a privilege
granted by Almighty God, than a point which may
be insisted on by man ; and unless received as an
unmerited boon, may become hurtful to us. If this
remark be in any measure true, we know what to
think of arguing against the doctrines of the Gos-
pel on the ground of their being irrational, or of
attempting to refute the creed of others by ridi-
culing articles of it as unaccountable and absurd,
or of thinking that the superstitious have advanced
a step towards the truth when they have plunged
into infidelity, or of accounting it wrong to educate
children in the Catholic faith, lest they should not
have the opportunity of choosing for themselves
in mature years. Dismissing such thoughts from
the mind, let us rather be content vdth the words
of the Apostle. " The preaching of the cross," he
says, " is to them that perish foolishness ; but unto
us which are saved it is the power of God. For it
is written, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise,
and will bring to nought the understanding of the
prudent. Where is the wise ? where is the scribe ?
where is the disputer of this world? Hath not
God made foolish the wisdom of this world ?
28 FAITH WITHOUT SIGHT. [Serm. II.
For after that in the wisdom of God, the world
by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God, by
the foolishness of preaching, to save them that
believe ^"
» 1 Cor. i. 18—21.
SERMON III.
THE FEAST OF THE NATIVITY OF OUR LORD.
THE INCARNATION.
John i. 14.
The Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us.
Thus does the favoured Apostle and Evangelist
announce to us that Sacred Mystery, which we
this day especially commemorate, the incarnation
of the Eternal Word. Thus briefly and simply
does he speak, as if fearing he should fail in
fitting reverence. If any there was who might
seem to have permission to indulge in words on
this subject, it was the beloved disciple, who had
heard, and seen, and looked upon, and handled
the Word of Life ; yet, in proportion to the height
of his privilege, was his discernment of the infinite
distance between him and his Creator. Such too
was the temper of the Holy Angels, when the
Father " brought in the First-begotten into the
world* :" they straightway worshipped Him. And
' Heb. i. 6.
30 CHRISTMAS DAY. [Serm.
such was the feeling of awe and love mingled
together, which remained for a while in the Church
after Angels had announced His coming, and Evan-
gelists had recorded His sojourn here and His
departure ; " there was silence as it were for half
an hour \" Around the Church, indeed, the voices
of blasphemy were heard, even as when He hung
on the cross ; but in the Church there was light
and peace, fear, joy, and holy meditation. Lawless
doubtings, importunate enquirings, confident rea-
sonings were not. An heartfelt adoration, a prac-
tical devotion to the Ever-blessed Son, precluded
difficulties in faith, and sheltered the Church from
the necessity of speaking.
He who had seen the Lord Jesus with a pure
mind, attending Him from the lake of Gennesa-
reth to Calvary, and from the Sepulchre to Mount
Olivet, where He left this scene of His humilia-
tion ; he who had been put in charge with His
Virgin Mother, and heard from her what she alone
could tell of the Mystery to which she had minis-
tered ; and they who had heard it from his mouth,
and those again whom these have taught, the first
generations of the Church needed no explicit de-
clarations concerning His Sacred Person. Sight
and hearing superseded the multitude of words ;
faith dispensed with the aid of lengthened Creeds
and Confessions. There was silence. " The Word
' Rev. viii. 1.
HI] THE INCARNATION. 81
was made flesh ;" " I believe in Jesus Christ His
only Son our Lord ;" sentences such as these con-
veyed every thing, yet were officious in nothing.
But when the light of His advent faded, and love
waxed cold, then there was an opening for objec-
tion and discussion, and a difficulty in answering.
Then misconceptions had to be explained, doubts
allayed, questions set at rest, innovators silenced.
Christians were forced to speak against their will,
lest heretics should speak instead of them.
Such is the difference between our own state
and that of the early Church, which the present
Festival especially brings to mind. In the New
Testament we find the doctrine of the Incarnation
announced, clearly indeed, but with a reverent
brevity. " The Word was made flesh." "God
was manifest in the flesh." " God was in Christ."
" Unto us a child is born, the mighty God."
" Christ, over all, God, blessed for ever." " My
Lord and my God." " I am Alpha and Omega, the
beginning and the ending, the Almighty." " The
Son of God, the brightness of His glory, and the
express image of His Person \" But we are
obliged to speak more at length in the Creeds
and in our teaching, to meet the perverse ingenuity
of those who, when the Apostles were removed,
could with impunity insult and misinterpret the
letter of their writings.
' 1 Tim. Hi. 16, 2 Cor. v. 19. Isai. ix. 6. Rom. ix. .5.
John XX, 28. Rev. i. 8. Heb. i. 2, 3.
S2 CHRISTMAS DAY. [Serm.
Nay, further, so circumstanced are we, as to be
obliged not only thus to guard the Truth, but even
to give the reason of our guarding it. For they
who would steal away the Lord from us, not con-
tent with forcing us to measures of protection,
even go on to bring us to account for adopting
them ; and demand that we should put aside
whatever stands between them and their heretical
purposes. Therefore it is necessary to state clearly,
as I have already done, why the Church has
lengthened her statements of Christian doctrine.
Another reason of these statements is as follows :
time having proceeded, and the true traditions of
our Lord's ministry being lost to us, the Object of
our faith is but faintly reflected on our minds,
compared with the vivid picture which His pre-
sence impressed upon the early Christians. True
is it the Gospels will do very much by way of
realizing for us the incarnation of the Son of God,
if studied in faith and love. But the Creeds are
an additional help this way. The declarations
made in them, the distinctions, cautions, and the
like, supported and illuminated by Scripture, draw
down, as it were, from heaven, the image of Him
who is on God's right hand, preserve us from
an indolent use of words without apprehending
them, and rouse in us those mingled feelings of
fear and confidence, affection and devotion towards
Him, which are implied in the belief of a per-
sonal advent of God in our nature, and which
III.] THE INCARNATION, 33
were originally derived to the Church from the
very sight of Him.
And we may say further still, these statements,
such, for instance, as occur in the Te Deum and
Athanasian Creed, are especially suitable in divine
worship, inasmuch as they kindle and elevate the
religious affections. They are hymns of praise
and thanksgiving; they give glory to God as re-
vealed in the Gospel, just as David's Psalms magnify
His Attributes as displayed in nature, His won-
derful works in the creation of the world, and His
mercies towards the house of Israel.
With these objects, then, it may be useful, on
to-day's Festival, to call your attention to the
Catholic doctrine of the Incarnation.
The Word was from the beginning, the Only be-
gotten Son of God. Before all worlds were created,
while as yet time was not. He was in existence, in
the bosom of the Eternal Father, God from God, and
Light from Light, supremely blessed in knowing
and being known of Him,' and receiving all divine
perfections from Him, yet ever One with Him who
begat Him. As it is said in the opening of the
Gospel ; " In the beginning was the Word, and
the Word was with God, and the Word was God."
If we may dare conjecture, He is called the Word
of God, as mediating between the Father and all
creatures; bringing them into being, fashioning
them, giving the world its laws, imparting reason
and conscience to creatures of a higher order, and
VOL. II. D
34 CHRISTMAS DAY. [Serm.
revealing to them in due season the knowledge of
God's will. And to us Christians He is especially
the Word in that great Mystery commemorated
to-day, whereby He became flesh, and redeemed
us from a world of sin.
He, indeed, when man fell, might have remained
in the glory which He had with the Father before
the world was. But that unsearchable Love, which
showed itself in our original creation, rested not
content with a frustrated work, but brought Him
down again from His Father's bosom to do His will,
and repair the evil which sin had caused. And with
a wonderful condescension He came, not as before
in power, but in weakness, in the form of a servant,
in the likeness of that fallen creature whom He
purposed to restore. So He humbled Himself;
suffering all the infirmities of our nature in the
likeness of sinful flesh, all but a sinner, — pure from
all sin, yet subjected to all temptation, — and at
length becoming obedient unto death, even the
death of the cross.
I have said that when the Only-begotten Son
stooped to take upon Him our nature. He had no
fellowship with sin. It was impossible that He
should. Therefore, since our nature was corrupt
since Adam's fall. He did not come in the way of
nature, He did not clothe Himself in that corrupt
flesh which Adam's race inherits. He came by
miracle, so as to take on Him our imperfection
without having any share in our sinfulness. He
HI] THE INCARNATION. 35
was not born as other men are ; for " that which
is born of the flesh is flesh \"
All Adam's children are children of wrath ; so
our Lord came as the Son of Man, but not the
son of sinful Adam. He had no earthly father;
He abhorred to have one. The thought may not
be suffered that He should have been the son of
shame and guilt. He came by a new and living
way; not, indeed, formed out of the ground, as
Adam was at the first, lest He should miss the par-
ticipation of our nature, but selecting and purifying
unto Himself a tabernacle out of that which existed.
As in the beginning, woman was formed out of man
by Almighty power, so now, by a like mystery, but
a reverse order, the new Adam was fashioned from
the woman. He was, as had been foretold, the im-
maculate " seed of the woman," deriving His man-
hood from the substance of the Virgin Mary ; as it is
expressed in the articles of the Creed, — " conceived
by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary."
Thus the Son of God became the Son of Man ;
mortal, but not a sinner ; heir of our infirmities, not
of our guiltiness ; the offspring of the old race, yet
" the beginning of the" new " creation of God."
Mary, His mother, was a sinner as others, and born
of sinners ; but she was set apart, " as a garden
inclosed, a spring shut up, a fountain sealed," to
yield a created nature to Him who was her Creator.
' John Hi. 6.
D 2
36 CHRISTMAS DAY. [Sekm.
Thus He came into this world, not in tlie clouds
of heaven, but born into it, born of a woman;
He, the Son of Mary, and she (if it may be said),
the Mother of God. Thus He came, selecting
and setting apart for Himself the elements of body
and soul ; then, uniting them to Himself from their
first origin of existence, pervading them, hallowing
them by His own Divinity, spiritualizing them,
and filling them with light and purity, the while
they continued to be human, and for a time mortal
and exposed to infirmity. And, as they grew from
day to day in their holy union. His Eternal Essence
still was one with them, exalting them, acting in
them, manifesting Itself through them, so that He
was truly God and Man, One Person, — as we are
soul and body, yet one man, so truly God and man
are not two, but One Christ. Thus did the Son of
God enter this mortal world ; and when He had
reached man's estate, He began His ministry,
preached the Gospel, chose His Apostles, suffered
on the cross, died, and was buried, rose again and
ascended on high, theres to reign till the day when
He comes again to judge the world. This is the
All-gracious Mystery of the Incarnation, good to
look into, good to adore ; according to the saying in
the text, — " the Word was made flesh, — and dwelt
among us."
The brief account thus given of the Catholic
doctrine of the Incarnation of the Eternal Word,
Ill ] THE INCARNATION. 37
may be made more distinct by referring to some of
those modes mentioned in Scriptm-e, in which God
has at divers times condescended to manifest Him-
self in His creatures, which come short of it.
1, God was in the Prophets, but not as He was
in Christ. The divine authority, and in one sense,
name, may be given to His Ministers, considered as
His representatives. Moses says to the Israelites,
" Your murmurings are not against us, but against
the Lord." And St. Paul, " He 'therefore that
despiseth, despiseth not man, but God \" In this
sense. Rulers and Judges are sometimes called gods,
as our liord Himself says.
And further, the Prophets were inspired. Thus
John the Baptist is said to have been filled with the
Holy Ghost from his mother's womb. Zacharias was
filled with the Holy Ghost, and prophesied. In like
manner the Holy Ghost came on the Apostles at
Pentecost and at other times ; and so wonderfully
gifted was St. Paul, that " from his body were
brought unto the sick handkerchiefs or aprons, and
the diseases departed from them, and the evil
spirits went out of them ^" Now the characteristic
of this miraculous inspiration was, that the presence
of God came and went. Thus we read in the afore-
mentioned and similar narratives, of the Prophet or
Apostle being ///erf with the Spirit on a particular
' Exod. xvi. 8. I Thes. iv. 8. ' Acts xix. 12.
V
38 CHRISTMAS DAY. [Serm.
occasion ; as again of " the Spirit of the Lord de-
parting from Saul," and an evil spirit troubling him.
Thus this divine inspiration w^as so far parallel to
demonical possession. We find in the Gospels the
devil speaking vrith the voice of his victim, so that
the tormentor and the tormented could not be dis-
tinguished from each other. They seemed to be
one and the same, though they were not ; as ap-
peared when Christ and His Apostles cast the
devil out. And so again the Jewish Temple was in
one sense inhabited by the presence of God, which
came down upon it at Solomon's prayer. This was
a type of our Lord's manhood dwelt in by the
Word of God as a Temple ; still with this essential
difference, that the Jewish Temple was perishable,
and again the Divine Presence might recede from
it. There was no real unity between the one and
the other : they were separable. But Christ says
to the Jews of His own body, " Destroy this
Temple and 1 will raise it in three days ;" implying
in these words, such an unity between the God-
head and the manhood, that there could be no real
separation, no dissolution. Even when His body
was dead, the Divine Nature was one with it;
in like manner it was one with His soul in paradise.
Soul and body were really one with the Eternal
Word, — not one in name only, — one never to be
divided. Therefore Scripture says that He rose
again " according to the Spirit of holiness ; and
III.] THE INCARNATION. 39
" that it was not possible that He should be liolden
of death '."
2. Again, the Gospel teaches us another mode
in which man may be said to be united with Al-
mighty God. It is the peculiar blessedness of the
Christian, as St. Peter tells us, to be " partaker of
the Divine Nature ^" We believe, and have joy
in believing, that the grace of Christ renews our
carnal souls, repairing the effects of Adam's fall.
Where Adam brought in impurity and unbelief^
the power of God infuses faith and holiness. Thus
we have God's perfections communicated to us
anew, and, as being under immediate heavenly
influences, are said to be one with God. And
further, we are assured of some real though mystical
fellowship with the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit,
in order to this : so that both by a real presence
in the soul, and by the fruits of grace, God is one
with every believer, as in a consecrated Temple.
But still, inexpressible as is this gift of Divine
Mercy, it were blasphemy not to say that the in-
dwelling of the Father in the Son is infinitely above
this, being quite different in kind ; for He is not
merely of a divine nature, divine by participation of
holiness and perfection, but Life and Holiness itself,
such as the Father is,— the Co-eternal Son incarnate,
God clothed with our nature, the Word made flesh.
3. And lastly, we read in the Patriarchal History
' Rom. i. 4. Acts ii. 24. =■ 2 Pet. i. 4.
40 CHRISTMAS DAY. [Serm.
of various appearances of Angels so remarkable
that we can scarcely hesitate to suppose them to be
gracious visions of the Eternal Son. For instance ;
it is said that " the Angel of the Lord appeared
unto" Moses " in a flame of fire out of the midst of
a bush ;" yet presently this supernatural Presence
is called "the Lord," and afterwards reveals His
name to Moses, as " the God of Abraham, Isaac,
and Jacob." On the other hand St. Stephen
speaks of Him as " the Angel which appeared to
Moses in the bush." Again, he says soon after,
that Moses was " in the Church in the wilderness
with the Angel which spake to him in the mount
Sina ;" yet in the book of Exodus we read, " Moses
went up unto God, and the Lord called unto him
out of the mountain ;" " God spake all these words
saying ' ;" and the like. Now, assuming, as we
seem to have reason to assume, that the Son of
God is Jierein revealed to us, as graciously minis-
tering to the Patriarchs, Moses, and others, in an-
gelic form, the question arises, what was the nature
of this appearance ? We are not informed, nor may
we venture to determine ; still, any how, the Angel
was but the temporary outward form which the
Eternal Word assumed, whether it was of a mate-
rial nature, or a vision. Whether or no it was
really an Angel, or but an appearance existing
only for the immediate purpose ; yet, any how, M^e
' Exod. iii. 2. Acts vii. 35 — 38. Exod. xix. 3. xx. !•
III.] THE INCARNATION. 41
could not with propriety say that our Lord " took
upon Him the nature of Angels."
Now these instances of the indwelling of Al-
mighty God in a created substance, which I have
given by way of contrast to that infinitely higher
and mysterious union which is called the Incarna-
tion, actually supply the senses in which heretics at
various times have perverted our holy and comfort-
able doctrine, and which have obliged us to have
recourse to Creeds and Confessions. Rejecting the
teaching of the Church, and dealing rudely with
the Word of God, they have ventured to deny that
** Jesus Christ is come in the flesh," pretending He ' ^i^i.,^^fj^,
merely showed Himself as a vision or phantom ; — or k ,^^ci.a
they have said that the Son of God merely dwelt
in the man Christ Jesus, as the Shechinah in the
Temple, having no real union with the Son of Mary
(as if there were two distinct Beings, the Word nXcus^
and Jesus, even as the Blessed Spirit is distinct
from a man's soul) ; — or that Christ was called
God for His great spiritual perfections, and that
He gradually attained them by long practice. All
these are words not to be uttered, except to show
what the true doctrine is, and what is the meaninsf
of the language of the Church concerning it. For
instance, the Athanasian Creed confesses that Christ
is " God of the substance of the Father, begotten
before the worlds, perfect God," lest we should
consider His Divine Nature, like ours, as merely a
nature resembling God's holiness ;^ that He is " Man
42 CHRISTMAS DAY. [Skrm.
of the substance of His Mother, born in the world,
perfect man," lest we should think of Him as " not
come in the flesh," a mere Angelic vision; and
that " although He be God and man, yet He is not
two, but One Christ," lest we should fancy that the
Word of God entered into Him and then departed,
as the Holy Ghost in the Prophets.
Such are the terms in which we are constrained
to speak of our Lord and Saviour, by the craftiness
of His enemies and our own infirmity ; and we in-
treat His leave to do so. We intreat His leave,
not as if forgetting that a reverent silence is best
on so sacred a subject ; but, when evil men and
seducers abound on every side, and our own ap-
prehensions of the Truth are dull, using zealous
David's argument, " Is there not a cause" for
words ? We intreat His leave, and we humbly
pray that what was first our defence against pride
and indolence may become an outlet of devotion,
a service of worship. Nay, we surely trust that He
will accept mercifully what we offer in faith, " doing
what we can ;" though the ointment of spikenard
which we pour out is nothing to that true Divine
Glory which manifested itself in Him, when the
Holy Ghost singled Him out from other men, and
the Father's voice acknowledged Him as His dearly
beloved Son. Surely He will mercifully accept it,
if faith offers what the intellect provides ; if love
kindles the sacrifice, zeal fans it, and reverence
guards it. He will illuminate our earthly words
1
Ill ] THE INCARNATION. 43
from His own Divine Holiness, till they become
saving truths to the souls w^hich trust in Him.
He vrho turned water into wine, and (did He so
choose) could make bread of the hard stone, will
sustain us for a brief season on this mortal fare.
And we the while receiving it, will never so forget
its imperfection, as not to look out constantly for
the True Beatific Vision; never so perversely re-
member it, as to reject what is necessary for our
present need. The time will come, if we be found
worthy, when we, who now see in a glass darkly,
shall see our Lord and Saviour face to face ; shall
behold His countenance beaming with the fulness
of Divine Perfections, and bearing its own witness
that He is the Son of God. We shall see Him as
He is.
Let us then, according to the light given us,
praise and bless Him in the Church below, whom
Angels in heaven see and adore. Let us bless
Him for His surpassing loving-kindness in taking
upon Him our infirmities to redeem us, when He
dwelt in the innermost love of the Everlasting-
Father, in the glory which He had with Him before
the world was. He came in lowliness and want;
born amid the tumults of a mixed and busy multi-
tude, cast aside into the outhouse of a crowded
inn, laid to His first rest among the brute cattle.
He grew up, as if the native of a despised city, and
was bred to a humble craft. He bore to live in a
world that slighted Him, for He lived in it, in order
44 CHRISTMAS DAY. [Sehm.
in due time to die for it. He came, as the ap-
pointed Priest, to offer sacrifice for those who took
no part in the act of worship ; He came to offer up
for sinners that precious blood which was meritorious
by virtue of His Divine Anointing. He died, to
rise again the third day, the Sun of Righteousness,
fully displaying that splendour which had hitherto
been concealed by the morning clouds. He rose
again, to ascend to the right hand of God, there to
plead His sacred wounds in token of our forgiveness,
to rule and guide His ransomed people, and from
His pierced side to pour forth His choicest blessings
upon them. He ascended, thence to descend again
in due season to judge the world which He has
redeemed. — Great is our Lord, and great is His
power, Jesus the Son of God and Son of man.
Ten thousand times more dazzling bright than the
highest Archangel, is our Lord and Christ. By
birth the Only-begotten and Express Image of
God ; and in taking our flesh, not sullied thereby,
but raising human nature with Him, as He rose
from the lowly manger to the right hand of power, —
raising human nature, for Man has redeemed us,
Man is set above all creatures, as one with the
Creator, Man shall judge man at the last day. So
honored is this earth, that no stranger shall judge
us, but He who is our fellow, who will sustain our
interests, and has full sympathy in all our imper-
fections. He who loved us, even to die for us, is
graciously appointed to assign the final measure-
Ill] THE INCARNATION. 45
ment and price upon His own work. He who best
knows by infirmity to take the part of the infirm,
He who would fain reap the full fruit of His passion.
He will separate the wheat from the chaflf, so that
not a grain shall fall to the ground. He who has
given us to share His own spiritual nature, He
from whom we have dravm the life's blood of our
souls. He our brother will decide about His brethren.
In that His second coming, may He in His grace
and loving pity remember us, who is our only hope,
our only salvation ! ol a-s
SERMON IV.
THE FEAST OF ST. STEPHEN, THE MARTYR.
MARTYRDOM.
Heb. xi. 37.
They were stoned, they were sawn asunder, were tempted, were
slain with the sword.
St. Stephen, who was one of the seven Deacons,
is called the Protomartyr, as having first suffered
death in the cause of the Gospel. Let me take
the opportunity of his festival to make some re-
marks upon martyrdom generally.
The word Martyr properly means " a witness,"
but is used to denote exclusively one who has suf-
fered death for the Christian faith. Those who
have witnessed for Christ without suffering death,
are called Confessors; a title which the early
Martyrs often made their own, before their last
solemn confession unto death, or Martyrdom. Our
Lord Jesus Christ is the chief and most glorious
of Martyrs, as having " before Pontius Pilate
Serm. IV. ] MARTYRDOM. 47
witnessed a good confession ' ;" but we do not call
Him a Martyr, as being much more than a Martyr.
True it is, He died for the Truth ; but that was not
the chief purpose of His death. He died to save
us sinners from the wrath of God. He was not
only a Martyr ; He was an Atoning Sacrifice.
He is the supreme object of our love, gratitude,
and reverence. Next to Him we honor the noble
army of Martyrs ; not indeed comparing them with
Him, " who is above all, God blessed for ever," or
as if they in suffering had any part in the work of
reconciliation, but because they have approached
most closely to His pattern of all His servants.
They have shed their blood for the Church, fulfilling
the text, " He laid down His life for us, and we
ought to lay down our lives for the brethren^."
They have followed His steps, and claim our grate-
ful remembrance. Had St. Stephen shrunk from
the trial put upon him, and recanted to save his life,
no one can estimate the consequences of such a
defection. Perhaps (humanly speaking) the cause
of the Gospel would have been lost ; the Church
might have perished ; and, though Christ had died
for the world, the world might not have received
the knowledge or the benefits of His death. The
channels of grace might have been destroyed, the
Sacraments withdrawn from the feeble and corrupt
race which has such need of them.
' 1 Tim. vi. 13. M John iii. 16.
48 ST. STEPHEN. [Serm.
Now it may be said, that many men suffer pain,
as great as Martyrdom, from disease, and in other
ways : again, that it does not follow that those who
happened to be martyred were always the most
useful and active defenders of the faith ; and there-
fore, that in honoring the Martyrs, we are honoring
with especial honor those to whom indeed we may
be peculiarly indebted, (as in the case of Apostles,)
but nevertheless who may have been but ordinary
men, who happened to stand in the most exposed
place, in the way of persecution, and were slain
as if by chance, because the sword met them first.
But this, it is plain, would be a strange way of
reasoning in any parallel case. We are grateful
to those who have done us favours, rather than to
those who might or would, if it had so happened.
We have no concern with the question, whether
the Martyrs were the best of men or not, or whe-
ther others would have been Martyrs too, had it
been allowed them. We are grateful to those who
were such, from the plain matter of fact that they
were such, that they did go through much suffer-
ing, in order that the world might gain an inesti-
mable benefit, the light of the Gospel.
But in truth, if we could view the matter con-
siderately, we shall find that, (as far as human
judgment can decide on such a point,) the Martyrs
of the primitive times were, as such, men of a
very elevated faith ; not only our benefactors, but
far our superiors. The utmost to which any such
IV.] MARTYRDOM. 49
objection as that I have stated, goes, is this; to
show that others who were not martyred, might be
equal to them, (St. Philip the Deacon, for instance,
equal to his associate St. Stephen,) not that those
who were martyred were not men eminently gifted
with the Spirit of Christ. For let us consider what
it was then to be a Martyr.
First, it was to be a voluntary sufferer. Men,
perhaps, suffer in various diseases more than the
Martyrs did, but they cannot help themselves.
Again, it has frequently happened that men have
been persecuted for their religion without having
expected it, or being able to avert it. These in
one sense indeed are Martyrs; and we naturally
think affectionately of those who have suffered in
our cause, whether voluntarily or not. But this was
not the case with the primitive martyrs. They
knew beforehand clearly enough the consequences
of preaching the gospel ; they had frequent warn-
ings brought home to them of the sufferings in
store for them, if they persevered in their labours
of brotherly love. Their Lord and Master had
suffered before them ; and, besides suffering Him-
self, had expressly foretold their sufferings ; " If
they have persecuted Me, they will also persecute
you '." , They were repeatedly warned and strictly
charged by the chief priests and rulers, not to
preach in Christ's name. They had experience
' John XV. 20.
VOL. II. E ^ *- -
50 ST. STEPHEN. [Skrm.
of lesser punishments from their adversaries in
earnest of the greater; and at length they saw their
brethren, one by one, slain for persevering in their
faithfulness to Christ. Yet they continued to keep
the faith, though they might be victims of their
obedience any day.
All this must be considered when we speak of
their sufferings. They lived under a continual
trial, a daily exercise of faith, which we, living
in peaceable times, can scarcely understand. Christ
had said to His Apostles, " Satan hath desired
to have you, that he may sift you as wheat \"
Consider what is meant by sifting, which is a
continued agitation, a shaking about to separate
the mass of com into two parts. Such was the
early discipline inflicted on the Church. No mere
sudden stroke came upon it ; but it was solicited
day by day, in all its members, by every argument
of hope and fear, by threats and inducements,
to desert Christ. This was the lot of the Martyrs.
Death, their final suffering, was but the consumma-
tion of a life of anticipated death. Consider how
distressing anxiety is ; how irritating and wearing
it is to be in constant excitement, with the duty of
maintaining calmness and steadiness in the midst
of it ; and how especially inviting any prospect of
tranquillity would appear in such circumstances ;
and then we shall have some notion of a Christian's
^ Luke xxii. 31.
IV.] MARTYRDOM. 51
condition, under a persecuting heathen government.
I put aside for the present the peculiar reproach
and contempt which was the lot of the primitive
Church, and their actual privations. Let us merely
consider them as harassed, shaken as wheat in a
sieve. Under such circumstances, the stoutest hearts '
are in danger of failing. They could steel themselves
against certain definite sufferings, or prepare them-
selves to meet one expected crisis ; but they yield \
to the incessant annoyance which the apprehension ;
of persecution, and the importunity of friends in-
flict on them. They sigh for peace ; they gradually
come to believe that the world is not so wrong as
some men say it is, and that it is possible to be
over-strict and over-nice. They learn to temporize
and be double-minded. First one falls, then another;
and such instances come as an additional argument
for concession to those that remain firm as yet,
who of course feel disspirited, lonely, and begin to ,
doubt the correctness of their own judgment ; while |
on the other hand, those who have fallen in self- ,'
defence become their tempters. Thus the Church '
is sifted, the cowardly falling off, the faithful con-
tinuing firm, though in dejection and perplexity.
Among these latter are the Martyrs ; not accidental
victims, taken at random, but the picked and
choice ones, the elect remnant, a sacrifice well
pleasing to God, because a costly gift, the finest
wheat flour of the Church : men who have been
warned what to expect from their profession, and
E 2
52 ST. STEPHEN. [Serm.
have had many opportunities of relinquishing it, but
have " borne and had patience, and for Christ's
name sake have laboured and have not fainted \"
Such was St. Stephen, not entrapped into a con-
fession and slain (as it were) in ambuscade, but
boldly confronting his persecutors, and, in spite of
circumstances that foreboded death, awaiting their
fury. And if Martyrdom in early times was not
the chance and unexpected death of those who hap-
pened to profess the Christian faith, much less is it
to be compared to the sufferings of disease, be they
greater or not. No one is maintaining that the
mere undergoing pain is a great thing. A man
cannot help himself when in pain ; he cannot escape
from it, be he as desirous to do so as he may. Tlie
devils bear pain, against their will. But to be a
Martyr, is to feel the storm coming, and willingly
to endure it at the call of duty, for Christ's sake, and
for the good of the brethren ; and this is a kind of
r firmness which we have no means of displaying at
the present day, though our deficiency in it may be,
and is continually evidenced, as often as we yield
(which is not seldom) to inferior and ordinary
temptations.
2. But, in the next place, the suffering itself of
Martyrdom was in some respects peculiar. It was
a death, cruel in itself, publicly inflicted : and
heightened by the fierce exultation of a malevolent
IV.] MARTYRDOM. 53
populace. When we are in pain, we can lie in peace
by ourselves. We receive the sympathy and kind
services of those about us ; and if we like it, we
can retire altogether from the sight of others, and
suffer without a witness to interrupt us. But the
sufferings of Martyrdom were for the most part
public, attended with every circumstance of igno-
miny and popular triumph, as well as with torture.
Criminals indeed are put to death without kindly
thoughts from bystanders ; still, for the most part,
even criminals receive commiseration and a sort of
respect. But the early Christians had to endure
"the shame" after their Master's pattern. They had
to die in the midst of enemies who reviled them,
and in mockery, bid them (as in Christ's case) come
down from the cross. They were supported on no
easy couch, soothed by no attentive friends; and
considering how much the depressing power of
pain depends on the imagination, this circumstance
alone at once separates their sufferings widely from
all instances of pain in disease. The unseen God
alone was their Comforter, and this invests the scene
of their suffering with supernatural majesty, and
awes us when we think of them. " Yea, though I
walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I
will fear no evil ; for Thou art with me '." A Mar-
tyrdom is a season of God's especial power in the
eye of faith, as gi-eat as if a miracle were visibly
' Psalm xxiii. 4.
54 ST. STEPHEN. [Sehm.
wrought. It is a fellowship of Christ's sufferings,
a commemoration of His death, a representation
filling up in figure, " that which is behind of His
afflictions, for His body's sake, which is the
Church ^" And thus, being an august solemnity in
itself, and a kind of Sacrament, a baptism of blood,
it worthily finishes that long searching trial which I
have already described as being its usual forerunner
in primitive times.
I have spoken only of the early Martyrs, because
this Festival leads me to do so ; and, besides, be-
cause, though there have been Martyrs among us
since, yet, from the time that Kings have become
nursing fathers to the Church, the history of Con-
fessors and Martyrs is so implicated with state
affairs, that their conduct is not so easily separable
hy us from the world around them, nor are we given
to know them so clearly : though this difficulty of
discerning them should invest their memory with
peculiar interest when we do discern them, and their
connection with civil matters, far from diminishing
the high spiritual excellence of such true sons of
the Church, in some respects even increases it.
To conclude. — It is useful to reflect on subjects
such as that I have now laid before you, in order
to humble ourselves. " We have not resisted unto
blood, striving against sin ^" What are our petty
sufferings which we make so much of, to their pains
» Col. i. 24. ' Heb. xii. 4.
IV.] MARTYRDOM. 55
and sorrows, who lost their friends, and then their
own lives for Christ's sake ; who were assaulted by
all kind of temptations, the sophistry of Antichrist,
the blandishments of the world, the terrors of the
sword, the weariness of suspense, and yet fainted not?
How far above ours are both their afflictions, and their
consolations under them ! Now, I know that such
reflections are at once, and with far deeper reason,
raised by the thought of the sufferings of Christ
himself; but commonly. His transcendent holiness /
and depth of woe do not immediately affect us, from
the very greatness of them. We sum them up in a
few words, and speak without understanding. On the i
other hand we rise somewhat towards the comprehen- 1
sion of them, when we make use of that heavenly/
ladder by which His Saints have made their way
towards Him. By contemplating the lowest of His
true servants, and seeing how far any one of them •
surpasses ourselves, we learn to shrink before His
ineffable purity, who is infinitely holier than the
holiest of His creatures ; and to confess ourselves
with a sincere mind to be unworthy of the least of
all His mercies. Thus His Martyrs lead us to Him-
self, the chief of Martyrs and the king of Saints.
May God give us grace to receive these thoughts
into our hearts, and to display the fruit of them in
our conduct ! What are we but sinful dust and
ashes, grovellers who are creeping on to Heaven,
not with any noble sacrifice for Christ's cause, but
without pain, without trouble, in the midst of
2
56 ST. STEPHEN. [Serm. IV
worldly blessings ! Well ; — but He can save in the
humblest paths of life, and in the most tranquil
times. There is enough for us to do, far more than
we fulfil, in our own ordinary course. Let us strive
to be more humble, faithful, merciful, meek, self-
denying than we are. Let us " crucify the flesh
with the affections and lusts '." This, to be sure, is
sorry Martyrdom ; yet God accepts it for His Son's
sake. Notwithstanding, after all, if we get to
Heaven, surely we shall be the lowest of the Saints
there assembled ; and, if all are unprofitable ser-
vants, we verily shall be the most unprofitable of
nil
' » Gal. V. 24.
/' , ,^ ft
UAcJ^^AUl^r
t; .
SERMON V.
THE FEAST OF ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST,
LOVE OF RELATIONS AND FRIENDS.
1 John iv. 7.
Beloved, let us love one another, for love is of God.
St. John the Apostle and Evangelist is chiefly and
most familiarly known to us as " the disciple whom
Jesus loved." He was one of the three or four who
always attended our Blessed Lord, and had the pri-
vilege of the most intimate intercourse with Him ;
and, more favoured than Peter, James, and An-
drew, he was His bosom friend, as we commonly
express ourselves. At the solemn supper before
Christ suffered, he took his place next Him, and
leaned on His breast. As the other three commu-
nicated between the multitude and Christ, so St.
John communicated between Christ and them. At
the Last Supper, Peter dared not ask Jesus a ques-
tion himself, but bade John put it to Him, who it
was that should betray Him. Thus St. John was
the private and intimate friend of Christ. Again,
it was to St. John that our Lord committed His
58 ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST. [Serm.
Mother, when He was dying on the cross; it
was to St. John that He revealed in vision after
His departure the fortunes of His Church.
Much might be said on this remarkable circum-
stance. I say remarkable, because it might be
supposed that the Son of God Most High could not
have loved one man more than another ; or again,
if so, that He would not have had only one friend,
but, as being All-holy, He would have loved all
men more or less, in proportion to their holiness.
Yet we find our Saviour had a private friend ; and
this shows us, first how entirely He was a man, as
much as any of us, in His w^ants and feelings ; and
next that there is nothing contrary to the spirit of
the Gospel, nothing inconsistent with the fulness of
Christian love, in having our affections directed in
an especial way towards certain objects, towards those
whom the circumstances of our past life, or some
peculiarities of character, have endeared to us.
There have been men before now who have sup-
posed Christian love was so diffusive as not to
admit of concentration upon individuals; so that
we ought to love all men equally. And many
there are, who without bringing forward any
theory, yet consider practically that the love of
many is something superior to the love of one or
two; and neglect the charities of private life,
while busy in the schemes of an expansive bene-
volence, or of affecting a general union and con-
ciliation among Christians. Now I shall here
v.] LOVE OF RELATIONS AND FRIENDS. 59
maintain, in opposition to such notions of Christian
love, and with our Saviour's pattern before me,
that the best preparation for loving the world at
large, and loving it duly and wisely, is to cultivate
an intimate friendship and aifection towards those
who are immediately about us.
It has been the plan of Divine Providence to
ground what is good and true in religion and
morals, on the basis of our good natural feelings.
What we are towards our earthly friends in the
instincts and wishes of our infancy, such we are to
become at length towards God and man in the
extended field of our duties as accountable beings.
To honour our parents is the first step towards
honoring God ; to love our brethren according to
the flesh, the first step towards considering all men
our brethren. Hence our Lord says, we must
become as little children, if we would be saved;
we must become in His Church, as men, what we
were once in the small circle of our youthful
homes. — Consider how many other virtues are
grafted upon natural feelings. What is Christian
high-mindedness, generous self-denial, contempt
of wealth, endurance of suffering, and earnest
striving after perfection, but an improvement and
transformation, under the influence of the Holy
Spirit, of that natural character of mind which we
call romantic? On the other hand, what is the
instinctive hatred and abomination of sin, (which
confirmed Christians possess,) their dissatisfaction
60 ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST. [Serm.
with themselves, their general refinement, discri-
mination, and caution, but an improvement, under
the same Spirit, of their natural sensitiveness and
delicacy, fear of pain, and sense of shame? They
have been chastised into self-government, by a fitting
discipline, and now associate an acute sense of dis-
comfort and annoyance with the notion of sinning.
And so of the love of our fellow Christians and of
the world at large, it is the love of kindred and
friends in a fresh shape ; which has this use, if it
had no other, that it is the natural branch on which
a spiritual fruit is grafted.
But again, the love of our private friends is the
only preparatory exercise for the love of others.
The love of God is not the same thing as the love
of our parents, though parallel to it ; but the love
of mankind in general should be in the main the
same habit as the love of our friends, only exer-
cised towards different objects. The great diffi-
culty in our religious duties is their extent. This
frightens and perplexes men, — naturally ; those
especially, who have neglected religion for a while,
and on whom its obligations disclose themselves
all at once. This, for example, is the great misery
of leaving repentance till a man is in weakness or
sickness; he does not know how to set about it.
Now God's merciful Providence has in the natural
course of things narrowed for us at first this large
field of duty ; He has given us a clue. We are to
begin with loving our friends about us, and gra-
v.] LOVE OF RELATIONS AND FRIENDS. 61
dually to enlarge the circle of our affections, till it
reaches all Christians, and then all men. Besides,
it is obviously impossible to love all men in any
strict and true sense. What is meant by loving
all men, is, to feel well-disposed towards all men,
to be ready to assist them, and to act towards those
who come in our way, as if we loved them. We
cannot love those about whom we know nothing ;
except indeed we view them in Christ, as the objects
of His Atonement, that is, rather in faith than in
love. And love, besides, is a habit, and cannot be
attained without actual practice^ which on so large
a scale is impossible. We see then how absurd it is,
when writers, (as is the manner of some who slight
the Gopel,) talk magnificently about loving the
whole human race with a comprehensive affection,
of being the friends of all mankind, and the like.
Such vaunting professions, what do they come to ?
that such men have certain benevolent feelings, to-
wards the world, — feelings and nothing more ; — no-
thing more than unstable feelings, the mere offspring
of an indulged imagination, which exist only when
their minds are wrought upon, and are sure to
fail them in the hour of need. This is not to love
men, it is but to talk about love. — The real love of
man must depend on practice, and therefore, must
begin by exercising itself on our friends around us,
otherwise it will have no existence. By trying to
love our relations and friends, by submitting to j
their wishes, though contrary to our own, by bear-
62 ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST. [Serm.
ing with their infirmities, by overcoming their
occasional waywardness by kindness, by dwelling
on their excellences, and trying to copy them, thus
it is that we form in our hearts that root of charity,
which, though small at first, may, like the mustard
seed, at last even overshadow the earth. The vain
talkers about philanthropy, just spoken of, usually
show the emptiness of their profession, by being
morose and cruel in the private relations of life,
which they seem to account as subjects beneath
their notice. Far different indeed, far different,
(unless it be a sort of irreverence to contrast such
dreamers with the great Apostle, whose memory
we are to-day celebrating,) utterly the reverse of
this fictitious benevolence was his elevated and
enlightened sympathy for all men. We know he
is celebrated for his declarations about Christian
love. " Beloved, let us love one another, for love
is of God. If we love one another, God dwelleth
in us, and His love is perfected in us. God is
love, and he that dwelleth in love dwelleth in God,
and God in him \" Now did he begin with some
vast effort at loving on a large scale? Nay, he
had the unspeakable privilege of being the friend
of Christ. Thus he was taught to love others ;
first his affection was concentrated, then it was
expanded. Next he had the solemn and com-
fortable charge of tending our Lord's Mother, the
» I John iv. 7. 12. 16.
v.] LOVE OF RELATIONS AND FRIENDS. 63
Blessed Virgin, after His departure. Do we not
here discern the secret sources of his especial love
of the brethren ? Could he, who first was favored
with his Saviour's affection, then trusted with a
son's office towards His Mother, could he be other
than a memorial and pattern (as far as man can
be,) of love, deep, contemplative, fervent, unruffled,
unbounded ?
Further, that love of friends and relations, which
nature prescribes, is also of use to the Christian,
in giving form and direction to his love of man-
kind at large, and making it intelligent and discri-
minating. A man, who would fain begin by a gene-
ral love of all men, necessarily puts them all on a
level, and, instead of being cautious, prudent, and
S3nnpathizing in his benevolence, is hasty and
rude ; does harm, perhaps, when he means to do
good, discourages the virtuous and well-meaning,
and wounds the feelings of the gentle. Men of
ambitious and ardent minds, for example, desirous
of doing good on a large scale, are especially
exposed to the temptation of sacrificing individual
to general good in their plans of charity. Ill-
instructed men, who have strong abstract notions
about the necessity of showing generosity and
candour towards opponents, often forget to take
any thought of those who are associated with
themselves ; and commence their (so called) liberal
treatment of their enemies by an unkind desertion
of their friends. This can hardly be the case,
when men cultivate the private charities, as an
64 ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST. [Serm.
introduction to more enlarged ones. By laying a
foundation of social amiableness, we insensibly
learn to observe a due harmony and order in our
charity ; we learn that all men are not on a level ;
that the interests of truth and holiness must be re-
ligiously observed ; and that the Church has claims
on us before the world. We can easily afford to
be liberal on a large scale, when we have no affec-
tions to stand in the way. Those who have not
accustomed themselves to love their neighbours
whom they have seen, will have nothing to lose or
gain, nothing to grieve at or rejoice in, in their
larger plans of benevolence. They will take no
interest in them for their own sake; rather, they
will engage in them, because expedience demands,
or credit is gained, or an excuse found for being
busy. Hence too we discern how it is, that private
virtue is the only sure foundation of public virtue ;
and that no national good is to be expected, (though
it may now and then accrue,) from men who have
not the fear of God before their eyes.
I have hitherto considered the cultivation of
domestic affections as the source of more extended
Christian love. Did time permit, I might now go
on to show, besides, that they involve a real and
difficult exercise of it. Nothing is more likely to
engender selfish habits, (which is the direct oppo-
site and negation of charity,) than independence in
our worldly circumstances. Men who have no tie
on them, who have no calls on their daily sympathy
and tenderness, who have no one's comfort to con-
v.] LOVE OF RELATIONS AND FRIENDS. 65
suit, who can move about as they please, and in-
dulge the love of variety and the restless humours
which are so congenial to the minds of most men,
are very unfavourably situated for obtaining that
heavenly gift, which is described in our Liturgy, as
being " the very bond of peace and of all virtues."
On the other hand I cannot fancy any state of life
more favourable for the exercise of high Christian
principle, and the matured and refined Christian
spirit, (that is, where the parties really seek to do
their duty,) than that of persons who differ in tastes
and general character, being obliged by circum-
stances to live together, and mutually to accommo-
date to each other their respective wishes and
pursuits. — And this is one among the many pro-
vidential benefits (to those who will receive them)
arising out of the Holy Estate of Matrimony ; which
not only calls out the tenderest and gentlest feel-
ings of our nature, but, where persons do their
duty, must be in various ways more or less a state
of self-denial.
Or, again, I might go on to consider the private
charities, which have been my subject, not only as
the sources and as the discipline of Christian love,
but further as the perfection of it ; which they are
in some cases. The Ancients thought so much of
friendship, that they made it a virttie. In a christian
view, it is not quite this ; but it is often accidentally
a special test of our virtue. For consider : — let us
say that this man, and that, not bound by any very
VOL. n. F
66 ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST. [Serm.
necessary tie, find their greatest pleasure in living
together ; say, that this continues for years, and that
they love each other's society the more, the longer
they enjoy it. Now observe what is implied in this.
Young people, indeed, readily love each other, for
they are cheerful and innocent ; more easily yield
to each other, and are full of hope ; — types, as Christ
says, of His true converts. But this happiness does
not last ; their tastes change. Again, grown persons
go on for years as friends; but these do not live
together; and, if any accident throws them into
familiarity for a while, they find it difficult to restrain
their tempers and keep on terms, and discover that
they are best friends at a distance. But what is it
that can bind two friends together in intimate con-
verse for a course of years, but the participation in
something that is Unchangeable and essentially
Good, and what is this but religion? Religious
tastes alone are unalterable. The Saints of God
continue in one way, while the fashions of the world
change; and a faithful, indestructible friendship
may thus be a test of the parties so loving each
other, having the love of God seated deep in their
hearts. Not an infallible test certainly ; for they
may have dispositions remarkably the same, or some
ingrossing object of this world, literary or other;
they may be removed from the temptation to
change, or they may have a natural sobriety of
temper which remains contented wherever it finds
itself However, under certain circumstances, it is
v.] LOVE OF RELATIONS AND FRIENDS. 67
a lively token of the presence of divine grace in
them ; and it is always a sort of symbol of it, for
there is at first sight something of the nature of
virtue in the very notion of constancy, dislike of
change being not only the characteristic of a virtuous
mind, but in some sense a virtue itself.
And now I have suggested to you a subject of
thought for to-day's Festival, — and surely a very
practical subject, when we consider how large a
portion of our duties lies at home. Should God
call upon us to preach to the world, surely we must
obey His call ; but at present, let us do what lies
before us. Little children, let us love one another.
Let us be meek and gentle ; let us think before we
speak ; let us try to improve our talents in private
life ; let us do good, not hoping for a return, and
avoiding all display before men. Well may I so
exhort you at this season, when we have so lately
partaken together the Blessed Sacrament which
binds us to mutual love, and gives us strength to
practise it. Let us not forget the promise we then
made, or the grace we then received. We are not
our own ; we are bought with the blood of Christ ;
we are consecrated to be temples of the Holy Spirit,
an unutterable privilege, which is weighty enough to
sink us with shame at our own unworthiness, did it
not the while strengthen us by the aid itself imparts,
to bear its extreme costliness. May we live worthy
of our calling, and realize in our own persons the
Church's prayers and professions for us !
SERMON VL
THE FEAST OF THE HOLY INNOCENTS.
THE MIND OF LITTLE CHILDREN.
Matt, xviii. 3.
Except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall
not enter into the kingdom of Heaven.
The longer we live in the world, and the further
removed we are from the feelino^s and remem-
brances of childhood, (and especially if removed
from the sight of children,) the more reason we
have to recollect our Lord's impressive action and
word, when He called a little child unto Him, and
set him in the midst of His disciples, and said,
" Verily I say unto you, Except ye be converted,
and become as little children, ye shall not enter
into the kingdom of Heaven. Whosoever, there-
fore, shall humble himself as this little child, the
same is greatest in the kingdom of Heaven." And
in order to remind us of this our Saviour's judg-
ment, the Church, like a careful teacher, calls us
back year by year upon this day from the bustle
and fever of the world. She takes advantage of
the Massacre of the Innocents recorded in St.
Serm. VI.] THE MIND OF LIITLE CHILDREN. 69
Matthew's gospel, to bring before us a truth which [
else we might think little of; to sober our wishes and
hopes of this world, our high ambitious thoughts,
or our anxious fears, jealousies and pares, by the
picture of the purity, peace, and contentment which
are the characteristics of little children.
And, independently of the benefit thus accruing
to us, it is surely right and meet thus to celebrate
the death of the Holy Innocents ; for it was a blessed
one. To be brought near to Christ, and to suffer
for Christ, is surely an unspeakable privilege; to
suffer any how, even unconsciously. The little chil-
dren whom He took up in His arms, were not con-
scious of His loving condescension ; but was it no
privilege when He blessed them ? Surely this mas-
sacre had in it the nature of a Sacrament ; it w as a
pledge of the love of the Son of God towards those
who were encompassed by it. All who came near
Him, more or less suffered by approaching Him, just
as if earthly pain and trouble went out of Him, as
some precious virtue for the good of their souls ; —
and these infants in the number. Surely His very
presence was a Sacrament ; every motion, look, and
word of His conveying grace to those who would
receive it : and much more w as fellowship with Him.
And hence in ancient times such barbarous murders
or Martyrdoms were considered as a kind of baptism,
a baptism of blood, with a sacramental charm in it
which stood in the place of the appointed Laver of
regeneration. Let us then take these little children
70 HOLY INNOCENTS. [Serm.
as in some sense Martyrs, and see what instruction
we may gain from the pattern of their innocence.
, ^ There is very great danger of our becoming
yi u\Oc cold-hearted, as life goes on : afflictions which hap-
pen to us, cares, disappointments, all tend to blunt
our affections and make our feelings callous. That
necessary self-discipline, too, which St. Paul enjoins
Timothy to practise, tends the same way. And,
again, the pursuit of wealth especially ; and much
more, if men so far openly transgress the word of
Almighty God, as to yield to the temptations of
sensuality. The glutton and the drunkard bru-
talize their minds, as is evident. And then further,
we are often smit with a notion of our having be-
come greater and more considerable persons than
we were. If we are prosperous, for instance, in
worldly matters, if we rise in the scale of (what is
called) society, if we gain a name, if we change our
state by marriage, or in any other way so as to create
a secret envy in the minds of our companions, in all
these cases we shall be exposed to the temptation of
pride. The deference paid to wealth or talent com-
monly makes the possessor artificial, and difficult to
reach ; glossing over his mind with a spurious refine-
ment, which deadens feeling and heartiness. Now,
after all, there is in most men's minds a secret in-
stinct of reverence and affection towards the days of
their childhood. They cannot help sighing with regret
and tenderness when they think of it ; and it is
graciously done by our Lord and Saviour, to avail
1
VI.] THE MIND OF LI'H'LE CHILDREN. 71
Himself (so to say) of this principle of our nature,
and, as He employs all that belongs to it, so to turn
this also to the real health of the soul. And it is
dutifully done on the part of the Church to follow
the intimation given her by her Redeemer, and to
hallow one day every year, as if for the contempla-
tion of His word and deed.
If we wish to affect a person, and (if so be)
humble him, what can we do better than appeal to
the memory of times past, and above all to his
childhood ? Then it was that he came out of the
hands of God, with all lessons and thoughts of
Heaven freshly marked upon him. Who can tell
how God makes the soul, or how He new-makes it ?
We know not. We know that, besides His part
in the work, it comes into the world with the taint
of sin upon it ; and that even regeneration, which
removes the curse, does not extirpate the root of
evil. Whether it is created in Heaven or hell,
how Adam's sin is breathed into it, together with
the breath of life, and how the Spirit dwells in
it, who shall inform us ? But this we know full
well, — we know it from our own recollection of
ourselves, and our experience of children, — that
there is in the infant soul, in the first years of its
regenerate state, a discernment of the unseen world
in the things that are seen, a realization of what is
Sovereign and Adorable, and an incredulity and
ignorance about what is transient and changeable,
which mark it as the fit emblem of the matured
72 HOLY INNOCENTS. [Serm.
Christian, when weaned from things temporal, and
living in the intimate conviction of the Divine Pre-
sence. I do not mean of course that a child has
any formed principle in his heart, any habits of
obedience, any true discrimination between the
visible and the unseen, such as God promises to
reward, for Christ's sake, in those who come to
years of discretion. Never must we forget that, in
spite of his new birth, evil is within him, though in
its seed only ; — but he has this one great gift, that
he seems to have lately come from God's presence,
and not to understand the language of this visible
scene, or how it is a temptation, how it is a veil
interposing itself between the soul and God. The
simplicity of a child's ways and notions, his ready
belief of every thing he is told, his artless love, his
frank confidence, ^ his confession of helplessness,
his ignorance of evil, his inability to conceal his
thoughts, his contentment, his j^rompt forgetfulness
of trouble, his admiring without coveting; and
above all, his reverential spirit, looking at all things
about him as wonderful, as tokens and types of the
One Invisible, are all evidence of his being lately i
(as it were) a visitant in a higher state of things.
I would only have a person reflect on the earnest-
ness and awe with which a child listens to any
description or tale ; or again, his freedom from that
spirit of proud independence, which discovers itself
in the soul as time goes on. And though, doubt-
less, children are generally of a weak and irritable
1/
'^-I'UI^ uj^ l/lC(^lt /-^tJUi
VI.] THE MIND OF LIITLE CHILDREN. 73
nature, and all are not equally amiable, yet their
passions go and are over like a shower ; not inter-
fering with the lesson we may gain to our own
profit from their ready faith and guilelessness.
The distinctness with which the conscience of a
child tells him the difference between right and
wrong should also be mentioned. As persons ad-
vance in life, and yield to the temptations which
come upon them, they lose this original endowment,
and are obliged to grope about by the mere reason.
If they debate whether they should act in this way
or that, and there are many considerations of duty
and interest involved in the decision, they feel
altogether perplexed. Really and truly, not from
self-deception, but really, they do not know how
they ought to act ; and they are obliged to draw
out arguments, and take a great deal of pains to
come to a conclusion. And all this, in many cases
at least, because they have lost through sinning a
guide which they originally had from God. Hence
it is that St. John, in the Epistle for the day, speaks
of Christ's undefiled servants as " following the
Lamb whithersoever He goeth." They have the
minds of children, and are able by the light within
them to decide questions of duty at once, undis-
turbed by the perplexity of discordant arguments.
In what has already been said, it has been im-
plied how striking a pattern a child's mind gives
us of what may be called a church temper. Christ
has so willed it, that we should get at the Truth,
Ko
74 HOLY INNOCENTS. [Serm.
not by ingenious speculations, reasonings, or inves-
tigations of our own, but by teaching. Tlie Holy
Church has been set up from the beginning as a
solemn religious fact, so to call it, — as a picture, a
revelation of the next world, — as itself the Christ-
ian Dispensation, and so in one sense the witness
of its own divinity, as is the Natural World. Now,
•^ ^ those who in the first place receive her words, have
^^^ 1 - the minds of children, who do not reason, but obey
^i**^ *^ their mother ; and those who from the first refuse,
as clearly fall short of children, in that they trust
their own powers for truth, rather than informants
which are external to them.
In conclusion, I shall but remind you of the dif-
ference, on the other hand, between the state of a
child and that of a matured Christian ; though this
difference is almost too obvious to be noticed. St.
John says, " He that doeth righteousness is righte-
ous, even as He is righteous ;" and again " Every
one that doeth righteousness is born of Him '."
Now, it is plain a child's innocence has no share in
this higher blessedness. He is but a type of what
is at length to be fulfilled in him. The chief beauty
of his mind is on its mere surface ; and when, as time
goes on, he attempts to act, (as is his duty to do,)
instantly it disappears. It is only while he is still,
that he is like a tranquil water, reflecting Heaven.
Therefore, we must not lament that our youthful
' 1 John iii. 7. ii. 29.
VI.] THE MIND OF LITTLE CHILDREN. 75
days are gone, or sigh over the remembrances of
pure pleasures and contemplations which we can-
not recall ; rather, what we were when children,
is a blessed intimation, given for our comfort, of
what God will make us, if we surrender our hearts
to the guidance of His Holy Spirit, — a prophecy of
good to come, — a foretaste of what will be fulfilled
in heaven. And thus it is that a child is a pledge
of immortality; for he bears upon him in figure
those high and eternal excellences in which the joy
of heaven consists ; and which would not be thus
shadowed forth by the All-gracious Creator, were
they not one day to be realized. Accordingly, our
Church, for the Epistle for this Festival, selects
St. John's description of the Saints in glory.
As then we would one day reign with them, let
us in this world learn the mind of little children,
as the same Apostle describes it : " My little
children, let us not love in word, neither in tongue,
but in deed and in truth. Beloved, let us love one
another, for love is of God, and every one that
loveth, is born of God, and knoweth God. He
that loveth not, knoweth not God, for God is
love \"
1 1 John iii. 18. iv. 7, 8.
r
SERMON VII.
THE FEAST OF THE CIRCUMCISIO^ OF OUR LORD.
CEREMONIES OF THE CHURCH.
Matt. iii. 15.
Suffer it to be so now ; for thus it becoraeth us to fulfil all
righteousness.
When our Lord came to John to be baptized, He
gave this reason for it, " Thus it becometh us to
fulfil all righteousness ;" which seems to mean, —
" it is becoming in Me, the expected Christ, to
conform in all respects to all the rites and cere-
monies of Judaism, to every thing hitherto ac-
counted sacred and binding." Hence it was that
He came to be baptized, to show that it was not His
intention in any way to dishonour the Established
Religion, but to fulfil it even in those parts of it
(such as Baptism) which were later than the time
of JNIoses ; and especially to acknowledge thereby
the mission of John the Baptist, His forerunner.
And those ordinances which Moses himself was
commissioned to appoint, had still greater claim
to be respected and observed. It was on this
Seem. VII.] CEREMONIES OF THE CHURCH. 77
account that He was circumcised, as we this dav
commemorate ; in order, that is, to show that He
did not renounce the religion of Abraham, to whom
God gave circumcision, or of Moses, by whom it
was embodied in the Jewish Law.
We have other instances in our Lord's history,
besides those of His circumcision and baptism, to
show the reverence with which He regarded the
religion which He came to fulfil. St. Paul speaks
of Him as " born of a woman, born under the
LawV' and it was His custom to observe that Law,
like any other Jew. For instance, He went up to
the feasts at Jerusalem ; He sent the persons He
had cured to the priests, tO offer the sin-offering
commanded by Moses ; He paid the Temple-tax ;
and, again. He attended as " a custom" the worship
of the synagogue, though this had been introduced
in an age long after Moses; and He even bade
the multitudes obey the Scribes and Pharisees in
all lawful things, as those who sat in Moses'
place ^
Such was our Saviour's dutiful attention to the
religious system under which He was bom; and
that, not only so far as it was directly divine, but
further, where it was the ordinance of uninspired
though pious men, where it was but founded on
ecclesiastical authority. His Apostles followed His
pattern; and this is still more remarkable: — be-
' Cfal. iv. 4. » \fatt. xxiii. 2, 3.
78 THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST. [Serm.
cause after the Holy Spirit had descended, at first
sight it would have appeared that all the Jewish
Ordinances ought at once to cease. But this was
far from being the doctrine of the Apostles. They
taught indeed that the Jewish rites were no longer
of any use in obtaining God's favor; that Christ's
death was now set forth as the full and sufficient
Atonement for sin, by that Infinite Mercy who had
hitherto appointed the blood of the sacrifices as in
some sort means of propitiation; and, besides,
that every convert who turned from Christ back
to Moses, or who imposed the Jewish rites
upon his brethren as necessary to salvation, was
grievously erring against the Truth. But they
neither abandoned the Jewish rites themselves, nor
obliged any others to do so who were used to them.
Custom was quite a sufficient reason for retaining
them ; every Christian was to remain in the state
in which he was called ; and in the case of the
Jew, the practice of them did not necessarily in-
terfere with a true and full trust in the Atonement
which Christ had offered for sin.
St. Paul, we know, was the most strenuous op-
poser of those who would oblige the Gentiles to
become Jews, as a previous step to their becoming
Christians. Yet, decisive as he is against all
attempts to force the Gentiles under the rites
of Law, he never bids the Jews renounce them,
rather he would have them retain them ; leaving it
for a fresh generation, who had not been born
VII.] CEREMONIES OF THE CHURCH. 79
under them, to discontinue them ; so that the use
of them might gradually die away. Nay, he him-
self circumcised Timothy, when he chose him for
his associate; in order that no offence might be
given to the Jews \ And how freely he adhered
to the Law in his own person, we learn from the
same inspired history ; for instance, we hear of his
shaving his head, as having been under a vow^
according to the Jewish custom.
Now from this obedience to the Jewish Law,
enjoined and displayed by our Blessed Lord and
His Apostles, we learn the great importance of
retaining those religious forms to which we are
accustomed, even though they are in themselves in-
different, or not of divine origin ; and, as this is a
truth which is not well understood by the world
at large, it may be of use to make some observations
upon it.
We sometimes meet with men, who ask why
we observe these or those ceremonies or practices ;
why, for example, we use Forms of prayer so
cautiously and strictly ? or why we persist in kneel-
ing at the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper? why
in bowing at the name of Jesus ? or why in cele-
brating the public worship of God only in conse-
crated places ? why we lay such stress upon these
things ? These and many such questions may be
asked, and all with this argument ; " They are
' Acts xvi. I — 3. * Acts xviii. 18.
80 THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST. [Skhm.
indifferent matters, we do not read of them in
the Bible."
Now the direct answer to this objection is, that
the Bible was never intended to enjoin us these
things, but matters of faith ; and that though it
happens to mention our practical duties, and some
points of form and discipline, still, that it does not
set about telling us what to do, but chiefly what to
believe ; and that there are many duties and many
crimes which are not mentioned in Scripture, and
which we must find out by our own understanding,
enlightened by God's Holy Spirit. For instance,
there is no prohibition of suicide, duelling, gaming,
in Scripture ; yet we know them to be great sins ;
and it would be no excuse in a man to say that he
does not find them forbidden in Scripture, be-
cause he may discover God's will in this matter
independently of Scripture. And in like manner
various matters of form and discipline are binding,
though Scripture says nothing about them ; for we
learn the duty in another way. No matter Iiom'
we learn God's will, whether from Scripture or
Antiquity, or what St. Paul calls " Nature," so that
we can be sure it is His will. Matters of faith
indeed He reveals to us by inspiration, because
they are supernatural ; but matters of moral duty,
through our own conscience and divinely guided
reason ; and matters of form, by tradition and
long usage, which bind us to the observance of
them, though they are not enjoined in Scripture.
VII] CEREMONIES OF THE CHURCH. 81
This, I say, is the proper answer to the question,
" Why do you observe rites and forms which are
not enjoined in Scripture?" though, to speak the
truth, our chief ordinances are to be found there,
as the Sacraments, Public Worship, the Observance
of the Lord's day, Ordination, Marriage, and the
like. But I shall make another answer, which is
suggested by the event commemorated this day,
our Lord's conforming to the Jewish Law in the
rite of circumcision ; and my answer is this.
Scripture tells us what to believe, and what to aim
at and maintain, but it does not tell us Jiow to do
it ; and as we cannot do it at all unless we do it in
this manner or that, in fact we must add something
to what Scripture tells us. For example. Scripture
tells us to meet together for prayer, and has con-
nected the grant of the Christian blessings on
God's part, with the observance of union on ours ;
but since it does not tell us the times and places
of prayer, the Church must complete that which
Scripture has but enjoined generally. Our Lord
has instituted two Sacraments, Baptism and the
Lord's Supper ; but has not told^us, except generally,
with what forms we are to administer them. Yet
we cannot administer them without some sort of
prayers ; whether we use always the same, or not
the same, or unpremeditated prayers. And so with
many other solemn acts, such as Ordination, or
Marriage, or Burial of the dead, it is evidently
pious, and becomes Christians to perform them
VOL. II. G
82 THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST. [Serm.
decently and in faith ; yet how is this to be done,
unless the Church sanctions Forms of doing it ?
The Bible then may be said to give us the spirit
of religion ; but the Church must provide the
body in which that spirit is to be lodged. Reli-
gion must be realized in particular acts, in order
to its continuing alive. Religionists, for example,
who give up the Church rites, are forced to recall
the strict Judaical Sabbath. There is no such thing
as abstract religion. When persons attempt to
worship in this (what they call) more spiritual
manner, they end, in fact, in not worshipping at all.
This frequently happens. Every one may know it
from his own experience of himself Youths, for
instance, (and perhaps those who should know
better than they,) sometimes argue with themselves,
" What is the need of praying statedly morning
and evening ? why use a form of words ? why kneel ?
why cannot I pray in bed, or walking, or dressing ?"
they end in not praying at all. Again, what will
the devotion of the country people be, if we strip
religion of its external symbols, and bid them seek
out and gaze upon the Invisible ? Scripture gives
the spirit, and the Church the bodi/, to our worship ;
and we may as well expect that the spirits of men
might be seen by us without the intervention of
their bodies, as suppose that the Object of faith can
be realized in a world of sense and excitement
without the instrumentality of an outward form to
arrest and fix attention, to stimulate the careless.
VII.] CEREMONIES OF THE CHURCH. 83
and to encourage the desponding. But observe
what follows ; — who would say our bodies are not
part of ourselves ? We may apply the illustration ;
for in like manner the forms of devotion are parts
of devotion. Who can in practice separate his
view of body and spirit ? for example, what a friend
would he be to us who should treat us ill, or deny
us food, or imprison us ; and say, after all, that it
was our body he ill-treated, and not our soul ?
Even so, no one can really respect religion, and
insult its form. Granting that the forms are not
immediately from God, still long use has made
^ them divine to m ; for the spirit of religion has so
penetrated and quickened them, that to destroy
them is in respect to the multitude of men to
unsettle and dislodge the religious principle itself.
In most minds usage has so identified them with
the notion of religion, that the one cannot be extir-
pated without the other. Their faith will not bear
transplanting. Till we have given some attention
to the peculiarities of human nature, whether from
watching our own hearts, or from experience of
life, we can scarcely form a correct estimate how
intimately great and little matters are connected
together in all cases ; how the circumstances and
accidents (as they might seem) of our habits are
almost conditions of those habits themselves. How
common it is for men to have seasons of serious-
ness, how exact is their devotion during them, how
^ suddenly they come to an end, how completely all
84 THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST. [Serm.
traces of them vanish, yet how comparatively trifling
is the cause of the relapse, a change of place or
occupation, or a day's interruption of regularity
\ in their religious course ! Consider the sudden
changes in opinion and profession, religious or
secular, which occur in life, the proverbial fickle-
ness of the multitude, the influence of watchwords
and badges upon the fortunes of political parties,
, the surprising falls which sometimes overtake well-
meaning and really respectable men, the incon-
sistencies of even the holiest and most perfect,
and you will have some insight into the danger of
practising on the externals of faith and devotion.
Precious doctrines are strung, like jewels, upon
slender threads.
Our Saviour and His Apostles sanction these
remarks, in their treatment of those Jewish cere-
monies, which have led me to make them. St.
Paul calls them weak and unprofitable, weak and
beggarly elements '. So they were in themselves,
but to those who were used to them, they were
an edifying and living service. Else why did the
Apostles observe them ? Why did they recommend
them to the Jews whom they converted ? Were they
merely consulting for the prejudices of a reprobate
nation ? The Jewish rites were to disappear ; yet
no one was bid forcibly separate himself from what
he had long used, lest he lost his sense of religion
*» Hebr. vii. 18. Gal. iv. 9.
VII.] CEREMONIES OF THE CHURCH. 85
also. Much more will this hold good with
forms such as ours, which, so far from being abro-
gated by the Apostles, were introduced by them or
their immediate successors ; and which, besides the
influence they exert over us from long usage, are
many of them witnesses and types of precious gos-
pel truths ; nay, much more, possess a sacramental
nature, and are adapted and reasonably accounted
to convey a gift, even where they are not formally
sacraments by Christ's institution. Who, for in-
stance, could be hard-hearted and perverse enough
to ridicule the notion that a father's blessing may
profit his children, even though Christ and His
Apostles have not in so many words declared it ?
Much might be said on this subject, which is a
very important one. In these times especially,
we should be on our guard against those, who hope
by inducing us to lay aside our forms, at length to
make us lay aside our Christian hope altogether.
This is why the Church itself is attacked, because it
is the living form, the visible body of religion ; and
shrewd men know that when it goes, religion will
go too. This is why they rail at so many usages as
superstitious; or propose alterations and changes,
a measure especially calculated to shake the faith of
the multitude. Recollect then, that things indifferent
in themselves, become important to us when we are
used to them. The services and ordinances of the
Church are the outward form in which religion
has been for ages represented to the world, and
86 THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST. [Sebm.
has ever been known to us. Places consecrated to
God's honour, clergy carefully set apart for His
service, the Lord's-day piously observed, the pub-
lic forms of prayer, the decencies of worship,
these things viewed as a whole, are sacred rela-
tively to us, even if they were not, as they are,
divinely sanctioned. Rites, which the Church has
appointed, and with reason, for the Church's au-
thority is from Christ, being long used, cannot be
disused without harm to our souls. Confirmation,
for instance, may be argued against, and under-
valued ; but surely no one in the common run of
men wilfully resists the Ordinance, but will thereby
be visibly a worse Christian than he otherwise would
have been. He will find (or rather others will find
for him, for he will scarcely know it himself,) that
he has declined in faith, humility, devotional feeling,
reverence, and sobriety. And so in the case of all
other forms, even the least binding in themselves,
it continually happens that a speculative improve-
ment is a practical folly, and the wise are taken in
their own craftiness. I
Therefore, when profane per$on8 scoff at our
forms, let us argue with ourselves, thus ; and it is
an argument which all men, learned or unlearned,
can enter into. " These forms, even were they of
mere human origin, (which learned men say is
not the case, but even if they were,) are at least of
as spiritual and edifying a character as the rites of
Judaism. Yet Christ and His Apostles did not
VII.] CEREMONIES OF THE CHURCH. 87
even sufter these latter to be irreverently treated or
suddenly discarded. Much less may we suffer it in
the case of our own ; lest stripping off from us the
badges of our profession, we forget there is a faith
for us to maintain, and a world of sinners to be
eschewed." 1 1 ^ -i
'- r '' fiu^J^ }c^..^ ■^■^kS.
SERMON VIII.
THE FEAST OF THE EPIPHANY.
THE GLORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
Isaiah Ix. 1.
Arise, shine, for thy light is come, and the glory of the Lord is
risen upon thee.
Our Saviour said to the woman of Samaria, " The
hour Cometh, when ye shall neither in this moun-
tain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father \"
And upon to-day's Festival I may say to you
in His words on another occasion, " This day is
this scripture fulfilled in your ears." This day we
commemorate the opening the door of faith to the
Gentiles, the extension of the Church of God
through all lands, whereas, before Christ's coming,
it had been confined to one nation only. This
dissemination of the Truth throughout the woi'i
had been the subject of prophecy, " Enlarge the
place of thy tent, and let them stretch forth the
' Johniv. 21.
Serm.vIII] the glory OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 89
curtains of thine habitations. Spare not, lengthen
thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes. For thou
shalt break forth on the right hand and on the left ;
and thy seed shall inherit the Gentiles, and make
the desolate cities to be inhabited \ In these words
the Church is addressed as Catholic ; which is the L^ oKt
distinguishing title of the Christian Church, as con-
trasted with the Jewish. The Christian Church is
so constituted as to be able to spread itself out
in its separate branches into all regions of the
earth ; so that in every nation there may be found
a representative and an offshoot of the sacred and
gifted Society, set up once for all by our Lord after
His resurrection.
This characteristic blessing of the Church of
Christ, its Catholic nature, is a frequent subject
of rejoicing with St. Paul, who was the chief in-
strument of its propagation. In one Epistle he
speaks of Gentiles being " fellow-heirs" ^ith the
Jews, " and of the same body, and partakers of His
promise in Christ by the Gospel." In another he
enlarges on the " mystery now made manifest to
the saints, viz. Christ among the Gentiles, the hope
of glory ^"
The day on which we commemorate this gracious
appointment of God's Providence, is called the
Epiphany, or bright manifestation of Christ to the
Gentiles; being the day on which the wise-men
' Is. liv. 2, 3. » Eph. iii. 6. Col. i. 26, 27.
90 THE EPIPHANY. [Sekm.
came from the East under guidance of a star, to
worship Him, and thus became the first fruits of
the heathen world. The name is explained by the
words of the text, which occur in one of the lessons
selected for to-day's service, and in which the
Church is addressed. " Arise, shine ; for thy light
is come, and the glory of the Lord is risen upon thee.
For behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and
gross darkness the people ; but the Lord shall rise
upon thee, and His glory shall be seen upon thee,
and the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and Kings
to the brightness of thy rising. . . . Thy people also
shall be all righteous, they shall inherit the land for
ever, the branch of My planting, the work of My
hands, that I may be glorified '."
That this and other similar prophecies had their
measure of fulfilment when Christ came, we all know;
when His Church, built upon the Apostles and Pro-
phets, wonderfully branched out from Jerusalem as
a centre into the heathen world round about, and
gathering into it men of all ranks, languages, and
characters, moulded them upon one pattern, the
pattern of their Saviour, in truth, and righteousness.
Thus the prophecies concerning the Church were
fulfilled at that time in two respects, as regards its
sanctity and its Catholicity.
It is often asked, have these prophecies had then
and since their perfect accomplishment? Or are
' Is. Ix. 1—3. 21.
VIIL] THE GLORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 91
we to expect a more complete Christianizing of
the world than has hitherto been vouchsafed it ?
And it is usual at the present day to acquiesce
in the latter alternative, as if the inspired pre-
dictions certainly meant more than has yet been
realized.
Now so much I think is plain on the face of them,
that the Gospel is to be preached in all lands,
before the end comes : " This gospel of the king-
dom shall be preached in all the world for a witness
unto all nations ; and then shall the end come ^"
Whether it has been thus preached is a question
of fact, which must be determined, not from the
prophecy, but from history; and there we may leave
it. But, as to the other expectation, that a time
of greater purity is in store for the Church, that is
not easily to be granted. The very words of Christ
just quoted, so far from speaking of the gospel as
tending to the conversion of the world at large,
when preached in it, describe it only as a witness
unto all the Gentiles, as if the many would not
obey it. And this intimation runs parallel to St.
Paul's account of the Jewish Church, as realizing
faith and obedience only in a residue out of the
whole people ; and is further illustrated by St.
John's language in the Apocalypse, who speaks of
the " redeemed from among men," being but a
' Matt. xxiv. 14.
92 THE EPIPHANY. [Serm.
remuant, " the first fruits unto God and to the
Lamb ^"
However, I will readily allow that at first we shall
feel a reluctance in submitting to this opinion, with
such passages before us as that which occurs in the
eleventh chapter of Isaiah's prophecy, where it is
promised, " They shall not hurt nor destroy in all My
holy mountain ; for the earth shall be full of the
knowledge of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea."
I say it is natural, with such texts in the memory, to
look out for what is commonly called a Millennium.
It may be instructive then upon this day to make
some remarks in explanation of the state and pros-
pects of the Christian Church in this respect.
Now the system of this world depends, in a way
unknown to us, both on God's Providence and on
human agency. Every event, every course of action,
has two faces ; it is divine and j)erfect, and it
belongs to man, and is marked with his sin. I
observe next, that it is a peculiarity of Holy Scrip-
ture to represent the world on its providential side ;
ascribing all that happens in it to Him who rules
and directs it, as it moves along, tracing events to
His sole agency, or viewing them only so far forth
as He acts in them. Thus He is said to harden
Pharaoh's heart, and to hinder the Jews from be-
* Rom. xi. 5. Rev. xiv. 4.
VIII.] THE GLORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 93
lieving in Christ ; wherein is signified His absolute
sovereignty over all human affairs and courses. As
common is it for Scripture to consider Dispensa-
tions, not in their actual state, but as His agency
would mould them, and so far as it really does
succeed in realizing them. For instance ; " God,
who is rich in mercy, for His great love wherewith
He loved us, even when we were dead in sins, hath
quickened us together with Christ \" This is said
as if the Ephesians had no traces left in their hearts
of Adam's sin and spiritual death. As it is said
afterwards, " Ye were sometimes darkness, but now
are ye light in the Lord ^"
In other words, Scripture more commonly speaks
of the divine design and substantial work, than of the
meamre of fulfilment which it receives at this time or
that ; as St. Paul expresses, when he says that the
Ephesians were chosen, that they " should be holy
and unblameable before Him in love." Or it speaks
of the profession of the Christian ; as when he says,
" As many of you as have been baptized into Christ,
have put on Christ;" — or of the tendency of the
Divine gift in a long period of time, and of its
ultimate fruits; as in the words, "Christ loved the
Church, and gave Himself for it, that he might
sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water
by the word, that He might present to Himself a
glorious Church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any
1 Eph. ii. 4, 5. » Eph. v. 8.
94 THE EPIPHANY. [Serm.
such thing, but that it should be holy and without
blemish \" in which Baptism and final salvation are
viewed as if indissolubly connected. This rule of
Scripture interpretation admits of very extensive
application, and I proceed to illustrate it.
The principle under consideration is this; that,
whereas God is one, and His will one, and His
purpose one, and His work one, whereas all He is
and does is absolutely perfect and complete, inde-
pendent of time and place, and sovereign over
creation, whether inanimate or moral, yet that in
His actual dealings with this world, that is, in all
in which we see His Providence, in that man is
imperfect, and has a will of his ovni, and lives in
time, and is moved by circumstances. He seems
to work by a process, by means and ends, by steps,
by victories hardly gained, and failures repaired,
and sacrifices ventured. Thus it is only when we
view His dispensations at a distance, as the Angels
do, that we see their harmony and their unity;
whereas Scripture, anticipating the end from the
beginning, places at their very head and first point
of origination all that belongs to them respectively
in their fulness.
We find some exemplification of this principle in
the call of Abraham. In every age of the world it )
has held good that the just shall live by faith ;
yet it was determined in the deep counsels of God,
' Eph. i. 4. Gal. iii. 27. Eph. v. 25—27.
1
VIII.] THE GLORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 95
that for a while this truth should be partially
obscured, as far as His revelations went ; that man
should live by sight,- miracles and worldly ordi-
nances, taking the place of silent providences and
spiritual services. In the later times of the Jewish
Law the original doctrine was brought to light,
and when the Divine object of faith was born into
the world, it was authoritatively set forth by His
Apostles as the basis of all acceptable worship.
But observe, it had been already anticipated in the
instance of Abraham; the evangelical covenant,
which was not to be preached till near two thou-
sand years afterwards, was revealed and transacted
in his person. " Abraham believed' God, and it
was counted unto Him for righteousness." " Abra-
ham rejoiced to see My day; and he saw it, and
was glad\" Nay, in the commanded sacrifice of
His Beloved Son, was shadowed out the true Lamb
which God had provided for a burnt-offering.
Thus in the call of the Patriarch, in whose Seed all
nations of the earth should be blessed, the great
outlines of the Gospel "were anticipated ; in that
he was called in uncircumcision, he was justified
by faith, he trusted in God's power to raise the
dead, he looked forward to the day of Christ, and
he was vouchsafed a vision of the Atoning Sacrifice
on Calvary.
We call these notices p'ophecij, popularly speak-
' Rom. iv. 3. John viii. 56.
96 THE EPIPHANY. [Serm.
ing, and doubtless such they are to us, and to be
received and used thankfully ; but more properly
perhaps, they are merely instances of the harmo-
nious movement of God's word and deed, His seal-
ing up events from the first. His introducing them
once and for all, though they are but gradually
unfolded to our limited faculties, and in this tran-
sitory scene. It would seem that at the time when
Abraham was called, both the course of the Jewish
dispensation, and the coming of Christ, were (so to
say) realized ; so as in one sense, to be actually
done and over. Hence, in one passage, Christ is
called " the Lamb slain from the foundation of the
world ;" in another, it is said, that " Levi paid
tithes" to Melchizedek, " in Abraham \"
Similar remarks might be made on the call and
reign of David, and the building of the second
Templet
' Rev, xiii. 8. Heb. vii. 9.
^ In the instance of the first [Temple] there clearly is not
the same combination of the Mystical sense with the Temporal.
The prediction joined with the building of Solomon's Temple is
of a simple kind ; perhaps it relates purely and solely to the pro-
per Temple itself. But the second Temple rises with a different
structure of prophecy upon it. Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi,
have each delivered some symbolical prediction, connected with
it, or with its priesthood and worship. Why this difference in
the two cases ? I think the answer is clear ; it is a difference
obviously relating to the nearer connexion which the second
Temple has with the Gospel. When God gave them their first
Temple, it was doomed to fall, and rise again, under and during
VIII.] THE GLORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 97
In like manner the Christian Church had in the
day of its nativity all that fulness of holiness and
peace named upon it, and sealed up to it, which
beseemed it, viewed as God's design, viewed in its
essence, as it is realized at all times and under
whatever circumstances, viewed as God's work with-
out man's co-operation, viewed as God's work in its
tendency, and in its ultimate blessedness ; so that
the titles given it upon earth are a picture of what
it will be absolutely in heaven. This might also be
instanced in the case of the Jewish Church, as in
Jeremiah's description ; " I remember thee, the
kindness of thy youth, the love of thine espousals,
when thou wentest after Me in the wilderness, in a
land that was not sown. Israel was holiness unto
the Lord, and the first-fruits of His increase '." As
to the Christian Church, one passage descriptive of
its blessedness from its first founding has already
been cited ; to which I add the following by way of
specimen : " The Gentiles shall see thy righteous-
ness, and all kings thy glory ; and thou shalt be
called by a new name, which the mouth of the
Lord shall name. Thou shalt also be a crown of
their first economy. The elder prophecy, therefore, was directed
to the proper history of the first Temple. But when he gave
them their second Temple, Christianity was then nearer in view ;
through that second edifice lay the Gospel prospect. Its resto-
ration, therefore, was marked by a kind of prophecy, which had
its vision towards the Gospel." — Davison on Prophecy, Dis-
course vi. part 4.
' Jer. ii. 2, 3.
VOL. II. H
98 THE EPIPHANY. [Serm.
glory in the hand of the Lord, and a royal diadem
in the hand of thy God .... As the bridegroom
rejoiceth over the bride, so shall thy God rejoice
over thee." " The mountains shall depart, and the
hills be removed ; but My kindness shall not depart
from thee, neither shall the covenant of My peace
be removed, saith the Lord that hath mercy on
thee. All thy children shall be taught of the Lord,
and great shall be the peace of thy children."
" Behold, I have graven thee upon the palms of
My hands; thy walls are continually before Me.
Lift up thine eyes round about, and be-
hold; all these gather themselves together, and
come to thee. As I live, saith the Lord, thou
shalt surely clothe thee vv^ith them all, as with an
ornament, and bind them on thee, as a bride doeth."
" Violence shall no more be heard in thy land,
wasting nor destruction within thy borders ; but
thou shalt call thy walls salvation, and thy gates
praise K" In these passages, which in their con-
text certainly refer to the time of Christ's coming,
an universality and a purity are promised to the
Church, which have their fulfilment only in the
course of its history, from first to last, as fore-
shortened and viewed as one whole.
Consider, again, the representations given us of
Christ's Kingdom. First, it is called the '* King-
dom of Heaven,'' though on earth. Again, in the
' Isa. Ixii. 2. 3. 5; liv. 10. 13; xlix. 16. 18; Ix. 18.
VIIL] THE GLORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 99
Angels' hymn, it is proclaimed " on earth peace,"
in accordance with the prophetic description of the
Messiah as " the Prince of Peace ;" though He
Himself, speaking of the earthlj, not the divine side
of His dispensation, said. He came " not to send
peace on earth, but a sword ^" Further, consider
Gabriel's announcement to the Virgin concerning
her Son and Lord ; " He shall be great, and shall
be called the Son of the Highest ; and the Lord
God shall give unto Him the throne of His father
David ; and He shall reign over the house of Jacob
for ever, and of His kingdom there shall be no end."
Or, as the same Saviour had been foretold by Eze-
kiel ; " I will set up one Shepherd over them, and
He shall feed them .... I will make with them a
covenant of peace, and will cause the evil beasts
to cease out of the land ; and they shall dwell safely
in the wilderness, and sleep in the woods. And I
will make them and the places round about My
hill, a blessing; and I will cause the shower to
come down in his season ; there shall be showers of
blessing ^" It is observable that in the two pas-
sages last cited, the Christian Church is considered
as merely the continuation of the Jewish, as if the
Gospel existed in its germ even under the Law.
Now it is undeniable, and so blessed a truth that
one would not wish at all to question it, that when
Christ first came. His followers were in a state of
' Matt. X. 34. » Luke i. 32, 33. Ezek. xxxiv. 23. 25, 26.
H 2
100 THE EPIPHANY. [Sehm.
spiritual purity, far above any thing which we wit-
ness in the Church at this day. That glory with
which her face shone, as Moses of old time, from
communion with her Saviour on the holy Mount,
is the earnest of what will one day be perfected ;
it is a token held out to us of a dark age, that His
promise stands sure, and admits of accomplishment.
They continued " in gladness and singleness of
heart, praising God, and having favour with all the
people." Here was a pledge of eternal blessedness,
the same in kind as a child's innocence is a fore-
shadowing of a holy immortality ; and the baptismal
robe, of the fine linen, clean and white, which is the
righteousness of saints ; — a pledge like the typical
promises made to David, Solomon, Cyrus, or Joshua
the high-priest. Yet at the same time the corrup-
tions in the early Church, Galatian misbelief, and
Corinthian excess, show too clearly that her early
glories were not more than a pledge, except in the
case of individuals, a pledge of God's purpose, a
witness of man's depravity.
The same interpretation will apply to the Scrip-
ture account of the Elect People of God, which is
but the Church of Christ under another name. On
them, upon their election, are bestowed, as on a
body, the gifts of justification, holiness, and final
salvation. The perfections of Christ are shed
around them ; His image is reflected from them ;
so that they receive His Name, as being in Him,
and beloved of God in the Beloved. Thus in their
VIII.] THE GLORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 101-
election are sealed up, to be unrolled and enjoyed
in due season, the successive privileges of the heirs
of light. In God's purpose — according to His grace
— in the tendency and ultimate effects of His dis-
pensation— to be called and chosen is to be saved.
" Whom He did foreknow, He also did predes-
tinate ; whom He did predestinate, them He also
called ; whom He called, them He also justified ;
whom He justified, them He also glorified \" Ob-
serve, the whole scheme is spoken of as of a thing
past; for in His deep counsel He contemplated
from everlasting the one entire work, and having
decreed it, it is but a matter of time, of sooner or
later, when it will be realized. As the Lamb was
slain from the foundation of the world, so also were
His redeemed gathered in from the first according
to His fore-knowledge ; and it is not more incon-
sistent with the solemn announcement of the text
just cited, that some once elected should fall away,
(as we know they do,) than that an event should be(
spoken of in it as past and perfect, which is incom-\
plete and future. All accidents are excluded, when
He speaks ; the present and the to come, delays and
failures, vanish before the thought of His perfect
work. And hence it happens that the word " elect"
in Scripture has two senses, standing both for those
who are called in wder to salvation, and for those,
who at the last day, shall be the actu{dly residting
fruit of that holy call. For God's Providence moves
' Rom. viii. 29, 30.
102 THE EPIPHANY. [Seem.
by great and comprehensive laws ; and His word is
the mirror of His designs, not of man's partial
success in thwarting His gracious will.
The Church then, considered as one army mili-
tant, proceeding forward from the house of bondage
to Canaan, gains the victory, and accomplishes what
is predicted of her, though many soldiers fall in the
battle. While, however, they remain within her
lines, they are included in her blessedness so far as
to be partakers of the gifts flowing from election
And hence it is that so much stress is to be laid
upon the duty of united worship ; for thus the
multitude of believers coming together, claim as
one man the grace which is poured out upon the
one undivided body of Christ mystical. " Where
two or three are gathered together in His name,
He is in the midst of them ;" nay rather, blessed be
His Name ! He is so one with them, that they are
not their own, lose for the time their earth-stains,
are radiant in His infinite holiness, and have the
promise of His eternal favour. Viewed as one, the
Church is still His image as at the first, pure and
spotless. His spouse all glorious within, the Mother
of Saints ; according to the Scripture, " My dove.
My undefiled is but one ; she is the only one of her
mother, she is the elect one of her that bare her ....
Thou art all fair. My love; there is no spot in thee \"
And what is true of the Church as a whole, is
' Cant. vi. 9 ; iv. 7.
VIII.] THE GLORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 103
represented in Scripture as belonging also in some
sense to each individual in it. I mean, that as the
Christian body was set up in the image of Christ,
which is gradually and in due season to be realized
within it, so in like manner each of us, when made
a Christian, is entrusted with gifts, which centre in
eternal salvation. St. Peter says, we are " saved"
through baptism ; St. Paul, that we are " saved
according to God's mercy by the washing of rege-
neration ;" our Lord joins together water and the
Spirit ; St. Paul connects baptism with putting on
Christ ; and in another place with being " sanctified
and justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by
the Spirit of our God \" To the same purport are
our Lord's words ; " He that heareth My word, and
believeth on Him that sent Me, hath everlasting
life, and shall not come into condemnation, but is
passed from death unto life ^."
These remarks have been made with a view of
showing the true sense in which we must receive,
on the one hand, the prophetic descriptions of the
Christian Church; on the other, the grant of its
privileges, and of those of its separate members.
Nothing is more counter to the spirit of the Gospel
than to hunger after signs and wonders ; and the rule
of Scripture interpretation now given, is especially
' lPet.iii. 21. Tit. iii. 5. Johniii. 5. Gal.iii. 27. 1 Cor.vi. U.
» John V. 24.
104 THE EPIPHANY. [Seem.
adapted to wean us from such wandering of heart.
It is our duty, rather it is our blessedness, to walk
by faith ; therefore, we will take the promises (with
God's help) in faith ; we will believe they are ful-
filled, and enjoy the fruit of them before we see it.
We will fully acknowledge, as being firmly per-
suaded, that His word cannot return unto Him
void ; that it has its mission, and must prosper so
far as substantially to accomplish it. We will
adore the Blessed Spirit, as coming and going as
He listeth, and doing wonders daily which the
world knows not of. We will consider Baptism
and the other Christian Ordinances, effectual signs
of grace, not forms and shadows, though men
abuse and profane them ; and particularly, as re-
gards our immediate subject, we will unlearn, as
sober and serious men, the expectation of any public
displays of God's glory in the edification of His
Church, seeing she is all glorious within, in that
inward shrine, made up of faithful hearts, and in-
habited by the Spirit of grace. We will put off, so
be it, all secular, all political views of the victories
of His kingdom. While labouring to unite its frag-
ments, which the malice of Satan has scattered to
and fro, to recover what is cast away, to purify
what is corrupted, to strengthen what is weak, to
make it in all its parts what Christ would have it,
a Church Militant, still {please God) we will not
reckon on any visible fruit of our labour. We will
be content to believe our cause triumphant, when
VIII.] THE GLORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 105
we see it apparently defeated. We will silently
bear the insults of the enemies of Christ, and
resign ourselves meekly to the shame and suffering
which the errors of His followers bring upon us.
We will endure offences which the early Saints
would have marvelled at, and Martyrs would have
died to redress. We will work with zeal, but as to
the Lord and not to men ; recollecting that even
Apostles saw the sins of the Churches they planted ;
that St. Paul predicted that " evil men and seducers
would wax worse and worse ;" and that St. John
seems even to consider extraordinary unbelief as
the very sign of the times of the Gospel, as if the
light increased the darkness of those who hated it.
" Little children, it is the last time; and as ye
have heard that Antichrist shall come, even now
are there many Antichrists, whereby we know that
it is the last time \"
Therefore we will seek within for the Epiphany
of Christ. We will look towards His holy Altar,
and approach it for the fire of love and purity
which there burns. We will find comfort in the
illumination which Baptism gives. We will rest
and be satisfied in His ordinances and in His word.
We will bless and praise His name, whenever He
vouchsafes to display His glory to us in the chance-
meeting of any of His Saints, and we will ever pray
Him to manifest it in our own souls.
' 2 Tim. Hi. 13. 1 John ii. 18.
SERMON IX.
THE FEAST OF THE CONVERSION OF ST. PAUL.
HIS CONVERSION VIEWED IN REFERENCE TO HIS
OFFICE.
I ' 1 Cor. XV. 9, 10.
I am the least of the Apostles, that am not meet to be called an
Apostle, because I persecuted the Church of God. But by
the grace of God I am what I am : and His grace which was
bestowed upon me was not in vain ; but I laboured more
abundantly than they all : yet not I, but the grace of God
which was with me.
To-day we commemorate, not the whole History
of St. Paul, nor his Martyrdom, but his wonderful
Conversion. Every season of his life is full of
wonders, and admits of a separate commemora-
tion ; which indeed we do make, whenever we read
the Acts of the Apostles, or his Epistles. On this
his day, however, that event is selected for remem-
brance, which was the beginning of his wonderful
course ; and we may profitably pursue (please God)
the train of thought thus opened for us.
We cannot well forget the manner of his conver-
sion. He was journeying to Damascus with autho-
1
Sebm. IX.] THE CONVERSION OF ST. PAUL. 107
rity from the chief priests to seize the Christians,
and bring them to Jerusalem. He had sided with
the persecuting party from their first act of violence,
the martyrdom of St. Stephen ; and he continued
foremost in a bad cause, with blind rage endea-
vouring to defeat what really was the work of
Divine power and wisdom. In the midst of his
fury, he was struck down by miracle, and con-
verted to the faith he persecuted. Observe the
circumstances of the case. When the blood of
Stephen was shed, Saul, then a young man, was
standing by, " consenting unto his death," and
" kept the raiment of them that slew him \" Two
speeches are recorded of the Martyr in his last
moments ; one, in which he prayed that God would
pardon his murderers, — the other his witness, that
he saw the heavens opened, and Jesus on God's
right hand. His prayer was wonderfully answered.
Stephen saw his Saviour; the next vision of that
Saviour to mortal man was vouchsafed to the very
young man, even Saul, who shared in his murder
and his intercession.
Strange, indeed, it was ; and what would have
been St. Stephen's thoughts could he have known
it ! The prayers of righteous men avail much.
The first Martyr had power with God to raise up
the greatest Apostle. Such was the honor put upon
the first fruits of those sufferings, upon which the
' Acts xxii. 20.
108 THE CONVERSION OF ST. PAUL [Serm.
Church was entering. Thus from the beginning
the blood of the Martyrs was the seed of the
Church. Stephen, one man, was put to death
for saying that the Jewish people were to have
exclusive privileges no longer ; but from his very
grave rose the favoured instrument by whom the
thousands and ten thousands of the Gentiles were
brought to the knowledge of the Truth !
1. Herein then, first, is St. Paul's conversion
memorable ; that it was a triumph over the enemy.
When Almighty God would convert the world,
opening the door of faith to the Gentiles, who
was the chosen preacher of His mercy ? Not one
of Christ's first followers. To show His power. He
put forth his hand into the very midst of the per-
secutors of His Son, and seized upon the most
strenuous among them. The prayer of a dying
man is the token and occasion of his triumph
which He had reserved for Himself. His strength
is made perfect in weakness. As of old. He broke
the yoke of His people's burden, the staif of their
shoulder, the rod of their oppressor \ Saul made
furiously for Damascus, but the Lord Almighty
" knew his abode, and his going out and coming
in, and his rage against Him ;" and " because his
rage against Him, and his tumult came up before
Him," therefore as in Sennacherib's case, though in
a far different way. He " put His hook in his nose,
^ Tsa. ix. 4.
IX.] VIEWED IN REFERENCE TO HIS OFFICE. 109
and His bridle in his lips, and turned him back by
the way by which he came \" " He spoiled prin-
cipalities and powers, and made a show of them
openly ^" triumphing over the serpent's head while
his heel was wounded. Saul, the persecutor, was con-
verted, and preached Christ in the synagogues.
2. In the next place, St. Paul's conversion may
be considered as a suitable introduction to the
office he was called to execute in God's provi-
dence. I have said it was a triumph over the
enemies of Christ ; but it was also an expressive
emblem of the nature of God's general dealings
with the race of man. What are we all but rebels
against God, and enemies of the Truth ? what were
the Gentiles in particular at that time, but " alien-
ated" from Him, " and enemies in their mind by
wicked works ^ ?" Who then could so appropriately
fulfil the purpose of Him who came to call sinners
to repentance, as one who esteemed himself the
least of the Apostles, that was not meet to be
called an Apostle, because he had persecuted the
Church of God ? When Almighty God in His
infinite mercy purposed to form a people to Him-
self out of the heathen, as vessels for glory, first He
chose the instrument of this His purpose, as a brand
from the burning, to be a type of the rest. There
is a parallel to this order of Providence in the Old
' Isa, xxxvii. 28, 29. * Col. ii. 15.
» Col. i. 21.
110 THE CONVERSION OF ST. PAUL [Serm.
Testament. The Jews were bid to look unto the
rock whence they were hewn\ Who was the
especial Patriarch of their nation ? — Jacob. Abra-
ham himself, indeed, had been called and blessed
by God's mere grace. Yet Abraham had remark-
able faith. Jacob, however, the immediate and
peculiar Patriarch of the Jewish race, is repre-
sented in the character of a sinner, pardoned and
reclaimed by Divine mercy, a wanderer exalted to
be the father of a great nation. Now I am not
venturing to describe him as he really was, but as
he is represented to us ; not personally, but in that
particular point of view in which the sacred history
has placed him ; not as an individual, but as he is
typically, or in the way of doctrine. There is no
mistaking the marks of his character and fortunes
in the history^ designedly (as it would seem) re-
corded to humble Jewish pride. He makes his
own confession, as St. Paul afterwards ; " I am not
worthy of the least of all Thy mercies ^" Every
year too the Israelites were bid bring their offer-
ing, and avow before God, that " a Syrian ready
to perish was their father'." Such as was the
father, such (it was reasonable to suppose) would
be the descendants. None would be " greater than
their father Jacob V for whose sake the nation was
blest.
' Isa. li. 1. * Gen. xxxii. tO.
' Deut. xxvi. 5. * John iv. 12.
IX.] VIEWED IN REFERENCE TO HIS OFFICE. HI
In like manner St. Paul is, in one way of viewing
the Dispensation, the spiritual father of the Gentiles ;
and in the history of his sin and its most gracious
forgiveness, he exemplifies far more than his bro-
ther Apostles his own Gospel ; that we are all
guilty before God, and can be saved only by His
free bounty. In his own words, " for this cause
obtained he mercy, that in him first Jesus Christ
might show forth all long-suffering for a pattern to
them which should hereafter believe on Him to
life everlasting \"
3. And, in the next place, St. Paul's previous
course of life rendered him, perhaps, after his con-
version, more fit an instrument of God's purposes
towards the Gentiles, as well as a more striking
specimen of it. Here it is necessary to speak with
caution. We know that, whatever were St. Paul's
successes in the propagation of the Gospel, they were
in their source and nature not his, but through " the
grace of God which was with him." Still, God makes
use of human means, and it is allowable to inquire
reverently what these were, and why St. Paul was
employed to convert the Heathen world rather than
St. James the Less, or St. John. Doubtless his intel-
lectual endowments and acquirements were among
the circumstances which fitted him for his oflSce. Yet,
may it not be supposed that there was something
in his previous religious history, which especially
* 1 Tim. i. 16.
112 THE CONVERSION OF ST. PAUL [Seum.
disciplined him to be " all things to all men ?"
Nothing is so difficult as to enter into the charac-
ters and feelings of men who have been brought up
under a system of religion different from our own ;
and to discern how they may be most forcibly and
profitably addressed, in order to win them over to
the reception of Divine truths, of which they are
at present ignorant. Now St. Paul had had ex-
perience in his own case, of a state of mind very
different from that which belonged to him as an
Apostle. Though he had never been polluted
with Heathen immorality and profaneness, he had
entertained views and sentiments very far from
Christian ; and had experienced a conversion to
which the other Apostles (as far as we know) were
strangers. I am far indeed from meaning that
there is ought favourable to a man's after religion
in an actual unsettling of principle, in lapsing into
infidelity, and then returning again to religious
belief. This was not St. Paul's case; he under-
went no radical change of religious principle. Much
less would I give countenance to the notion, that a
previous immoral life is other than a grievous per-
manent hindrance and a curse to a man, after he
has turned to God. Such considerations, however,
are out of place, in speaking of St. Paul. What
I mean is, that his awful rashness and blindness,
his self-confident, headstrong, cruel rage, against
the worshippers of the true Messiah, then his
strange conversion, then the length of time that
IX.] VIEWED IN REFERENCE TO HIS OFFICE. 113
elapsed before his solemn ordination, during which
he was left to meditate in private on all that had
happened, and to anticipate the future, all this
constituted a peculiar preparation for the office of
preaching to a lost world, dead in sin. It gave
him an extended insight, on the one hand, into the
ways and designs of Providence, and on the other
hand, into the workings of sin in the human heart,
and the various modes of thinking to which the
mind may be trained. It taught him not to despair
of the worst sinners, to be sharp-sighted in defect-
ing the sparks of faith, amid corrupt habits of life,
and to enter into the various temptations to which
human nature is exposed. It wrought in him a
profound humility, which disposed him (if we may
say so) to bear meekly the abundance of the reve-
lations given him ; and it imparted to him a prac-
tical wisdom how to apply them to the conversion
of others, so as to be weak with the weak, and
strong with the strong, to bear their burdens, to in-
struct and encourage them, to " strengthen his
brethren," to rejoice and weep with them, in a
word, to be an earthly Paraclete, the comforter, CtA.^-*^^*''^
help, and guide of his brethren. It gave him to •
know in some good measure the hearts of men ; an
attribute (in its fulness) belonging to God alone,
and possessed by Him in union with perfect purity
from all sin ; but which in us can scarcely exist
without our own melancholy experience, in some
degree, of moral evil in ourselves, since the inno-
VOL. II. I
114 THE CONVERSION OF ST. PAUL. [Serm.
cent (it is their privilege,) have not eaten of the
tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
4. Lastly, to guard against misconception of these
last remarks, I must speak distinctly on a part of
the subject only touched upon hitherto, viz. on St.
Paul's spiritual state before his conversion. For, in
spite of what has been said by way of caution, per-
haps I may still be supposed to warrant the maxim
sometimes maintained, that the greater sinner makes
the greater saint.
Now, observe, I do not allege that St. Paul's
previous sins made him a more spiritual Christian
afterwards, but rendered him more fitted for a par-
ticular purpose in God's providence, — more fitted,
when converted, to reclaim others ; just as a know-
ledge of languages, (whether divinely or humanly
acquired,) fits a man for the ofiice of missionary,
without tending in any degree to make him a better
man. I merely say, that if we take two men equally
advanced in faith and holiness, that one of the two
would preach to a variety of men with the greater
success, who had the greater experience in his own
religious history of temptation, the war of flesh and
spirit, sin, and victory over sin ; though at the same
time, at first sight it is of course unlikely that he
who had experienced all these changes of mind
should be equal in faith and obedience to the other
who had served God from a child.
But, in the next place, let us observe, how very
far St. Paul's conversion is, in matter of fact, from
IX.] VIEWED IN REFERENCE TO HIS OFFICE. 115
holding out any encouragement to those who live
in sin, or any self-satisfaction to those who have lived
in it ; as if their present or former disobedience could
be a gain to them.
Why was mercy shown to Saul the persecutor ?
he himself gives us the reason, which w^e may
safely make use of. " I obtained mercy, because I
did it ignorantly in unbelief." And why was he
" enabled" to preach the Gospel ? " Because Christ
counted him faithful." We have here the reason
more clearly stated even than in Abraham's case,
who was honoured with special Divine revelations,
and promised a name on the earth, because God
" knew him, that he would command his children
and his household after him, to keep the way of the
Lord, to do justice and judgment ^" Saul was ever
faithful, according to his notion of " the way of the
Lord." Doubtless he sinned deeply and grievously
in persecuting the followers of Christ. Had he
known the Holy Scriptures, he never would have
done so ; he would have recognized Jesus to be the
promised Saviour, as Simeon and Anna had, from
the first. But he was bred up in a human school,
and paid more attention to the writings of men
than to the word of God. Still, observe, he dif-
fered from other enemies of Christ in this, that he
kept a clear conscience, and habitually obeyed God
according to his knowledge. God speaks to us in
' 1 Tim. i. 12, 13. » Gen. xviii. 19.
i2
116 THE CONVERSION OF ST. PAUL. [Serm.
two ways, in our hearts and in his word. The
latter and clearer of these informants St. Paul knew
little of; the former he could not but know in his
measure, (for it was within him,) and he obeyed it.
That inward voice was but feeble, mixed up and
obscured with human feelings and human tradi-
tions ; so that what his conscience told him to do,
was but partially true, and in part was wrong. Yet
still, believing it to speak God's will, he deferred
to it, acting as he did afterwards when he "was
not disobedient to the heavenly vision," which in-
formed him Jesus was the Christ \ Hear his own
account of himself: — " I have lived in all good
conscience before God until this day." " After the
most straitest sect of our religion, I lived a Pha-
risee." " Touching the righteousness which is in
the Law, blameless ^" Here is no ease, no self-
indulgent habits, no wilful sin against the light, —
nay, I will say no pride. That is, though he was
doubtless influenced by much sinful self-confidence,
in his violent and bigoted hatred of the Christians,
and though (as well as even the best of us) he was
doubtless liable to the occasional temptations and
defilements of pride, yet, taking pride to mean open
rebellion against God, warring against God's autho-
rity, setting up reason against God, this he had not.
He " verily thought within himself that he ought to
do many things contrary to the name of Jesus of
Nazareth." Turn to the case of Jews and Gentiles
' Acts xxvi. 19. * Acts xxiii. 1. xxvi. 5. Phil. iii. 6.
IX.] VIEWED IN REFERENCE TO HIS OFFICE. 117
who remained unconverted, and you will see the
difference between them and him. Think of the
hypocritical Pharisees, who professed to be saints,
and were sinners ; " full of extortion, excess, and
uncleanness ' ;" believing Jesus to be the Christ,
but not confessing Him, as " loving the praise of
men more than the praise of God^" St. Paul
himself gives us an account of them in the second
chapter of his Epistle to the Romans. Can it be
made to apply to his own previous state ? Was the
name of God blasphemed among the Gentiles
through him? — On the other hand, the Gentile
reasoners sought a vain wisdom ^. These were they
who despised religion and practical morality as com-
mon matters, unworthy the occupation of a refined
and cultivated intellect. " Some mocked, others
said, we will hear thee again of this matter *." They
prided themselves on being above vulgar prejudices,
— in being indifferent to the traditions afloat in the
world about another life, — in regarding all religions
as equally true and equally false. Such a hard,
vain-glorious temper our Lord solemnly condemns,
when he says to the Church at Laodicea, " I would
thou wert cold or hot."
The Pharisees, then, were breakers of the Law ;
the Gentile reasoners and statesmen were infidels.
Both were proud, both despised the voice of con-
science. We see, then, from this review, the kind
of sin which God pities and pardons. All sin, in-
' Matt, xxiii. 25. 27. ' John xii. 43.
' 1 Cor. i. 22. * Acts xvii. 32.
118 THE CONVERSION OF ST. PAUL. [Serm. IX.
deed, when repented of, He will put away; but
pride hardens the heart against repentance, and
sensuality debases it to a brutal nature. The Holy
Spirit is quenched by open transgressions of con-
science and contempt of His authority. But, when
men err in ignorance, following closely their own
notions of right and wrong, though these notions
are mistaken, — great as is their sin, if they might
have possessed themselves of truer notions, — (and
very great as was St. Paul's sin, because he cer-
tainly might have learned from the Old Testament
far clearer and diviner doctrine than the tradition
of the Pharisees,) yet such men are not left by the
God of all grace. God leads them on to the light,
in spite of their errors in faith, if they continue
strictly to obey what they believe to be His will.
And, to declare this comfortable truth to us, St.
Paul was thus carried on by the Providence of God,
and brought into the light by miracle; that we
may learn, by a memorable instance of His gi'ace,
what He ever does, though He does not in ordinary
cases thus declare it openly to the world.
Who has not felt a fear lest he be wandering from
the true doctrine of Christ ? Let him cherish and
obey the holy light of conscience within him, as
Saul did ; let him carefully study the Scriptures, as
Saul did not ; and the God who had mercy even on
the persecutor of His saints, will assuredly shed His
grace upon him, and bring him into the truth as it
is in Jesus. o <^ r- ^ ^ .
SERMON X.
THE FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE BLESSED
VIRGIN MARY.
SECRECY AND SUDDENNESS OF DIVINE VISITATIONS.
Luke xviii. 20.
The kingdom of God cometh not with observation.
We commemorate on this day the Presentation of
Christ in the Temple, according to the injunction of
the Mosaic Law, as laid down in the thirteenth
chapter of the book of Exodus and the twelfth of
Leviticus. When the Israelites were brought out of
Egypt, the first-bom of the Eg3rptians (as we all
know) were visited by death, " from the first-bom of
Pharaoh that sat on his throne, unto the first-born
of the captive that was in the dungeon ; and all the
first-born of cattle '." Accordingly, in thankful re-
membrance of this destruction, and their own deli-
verance, every male among the Israelites, who was
the first-bom of his mother, was dedicated to God ;
likewise, every first-born of cattle. Afterwards, the
Levites were taken, as God's peculiar possession^
^ Exod. xii. 29,
120 PURIFICATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. [Skhm.
instead of the first-born ' ; but still the first-born
were solemnly brought to the Temple at a certain
time from their birth, presented to God, and then
redeemed or bought off at a certain price. At the
same time certain sacrifices were offered for the
mother, in order to her purification after childbirth ;
and therefore to-day's Feast, in memory of Christ's
Presentation in the Temple, is commonly called the
Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Our Saviour was born without sin. His Mother,
the Blessed Virgin Mary, need have made no offer-
ing, as requiring no purification. On the contrary,
it was that very birth of the Son of God which sanc-
tified the whole race of woman, and turned her
curse into a blessing. Nevertheless, as Christ Him-
self was minded to " fulfil all righteousness," to obey
all the ordinances of the covenant under which He
was born, so in like manner his Mother Mary
submitted to the Law, in order to do it reverence. fK
This then is the event in our Saviour's infancy,
which we this day celebrate ; His presentation in
the Temple, when His Virgin Mother was ceremo-
nially purified. It was made memorable at the
time by the hymns and praises of Simeon and
Anna, to whom He was then revealed. And there
were others, besides these, who had been " looking
for redemption in Jerusalem," who were also
vouchsafed a sight of the Infant Saviour. But the
chief importance of this event consists in its being
r' Numb. iii. 12, 13.
X.] SECRECY OF DIVINE VISITATIONS. 121
a fulfilment of prophecy. Malaelii had announced
the Lord's \isitation of His Temple in these words,
" The Lord, whom ye seek, shall suddenly come to
His Temple ' ;" words which, though variously ful-
filled during His Ministry, had their first accom-
plishment in the humble ceremony commemorated
on this day. And, when we consider the gran-
deur of the prediction, and how unostentatious this
accomplishment was, we are led to muse upon God's
ways, and to draw useful lessons for ourselves. This
is the reflection which I propose to make upon the
subject of this Festival.
I say, we are to-day reminded of the noiseless
course of God's providence, His tranquil accom-
plishment, in the course of nature, of great events
long designed ; and again, the suddenness and still-
ness of His visitations. Consider what the occur-
rence in question consists in. A little child is
brought to the Temple, as all first-born children
were brought. There is nothing here uncommon
or striking, so far. His parents are with him, poor
people, bringing the offering of pigeons or doves,
for the purification of the mother. They are met
in the Temple by an old man, who takes the child
in his arms, offers a thanksgiving to God, and
blesses the parents; and next are joined by a
woman of a great age, a widow of eighty-four years,
who had exceeded the time of useful service, and
• Mai. iii. 1.
12^2 PURIFICATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. [Sehm.
seemed to be but a fit prey for death. She gives
thanks also, and speaks concerning the child to
other persons who are present. Then all retire.
Now, there is evidently nothing great or impres-
sive in this ; nothing to excite the feelings, or in-
terest the imagination. We know what the world
thinks of such a groupe as I have described. The
weak and helpless, whether from age or infancy,
it looks upon negligently and passes by. Yet all
this that happened was really the solemn fulfilment
of an ancient and emphatic prophecy. The infant
in arms was the Saviour of the world, the rightful
heir, come in disguise of a stranger to visit His own
house. The Scripture had said, " The Lord whom
you seek, shall suddenly come to his Temple, but
who may abide the day of his coming, and who
may stand when he appeareth?" He had now
taken possession. And further, the old man, who
took the child in his arms, had upon him gifts of
the Holy Ghost, had been promised the blessed
sight of his Lord before his death, came into the
Temple by heavenly guidance, and now had within
him thoughts unutterable, of joy, thankfulness, and
hope, strangely mixed with awe, fear, painful
wonder, and " bitterness of spirit." Anna too, the
woman of fourscore and four years, was a pro-
phetess ; and the bystanders, to whom she spoke,
were the true Israel, who were looking out in faith
for the predicted redemption of mankind, those who
(in the words of the prophecy,) " sought" and in
X.] SECRECY OF DIVINE VISITATIONS. 123
prospect " delighted" in the " Messenger" of God's
covenant of mercy. " The glory of this latter House
shall be greater than of the former S" was the an-
nouncement of another prophecy. Behold the glory !
a little child and his parents, two aged persons, and
a conofresration without name or memorial. " The
Kingdom of God cometh not with observation."
Such has ever been the manner of His visitations,
in the destruction of His enemies as well as in the
deliverance of His own people ; — silent, sudden, un-
foreseen, as regards the world, though predicted in
the face of all men, and in their measure compre-
hended and waited for by His true Church. Such
a visitation was the flood; Noah, a preacher of
righteousness, but the multitude of sinners judici-
ally blinded. " They did eat, they drank, they
married wives, they were given in marriage, until
the day that Noe entered into the Ark, and the flood
came and destroyed them all." Such was the over-
throw of Sodom and Gomorrah. " Likewise as it
was in the days of Lot ; they did eat, they drank,
they bought, they sold, they planted, they builded ;
but the same day that Lot went out of Sodom, it
rained fire and brimstone from Heaven, and de-
stroyed them all ^ ;" Again, " The horse of Pharaoh
went in with his chariots and with his horsemen
into the sea ; and the Lord brought again the waters
of the sea upon them ^" The overthrow of Senna-
• Hagg. ii. 9. ' Luke xvii. 27—29. » Exod. xv. 19.
124 PURIFICATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. [Serm.
cherib was also silent and sudden, when his vast
army least expected it ; " The Angel of the Lord
went forth, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians
a hundred fourscore and five thousand \" Bel-
shazzar and Babylon were surprised in the midst of
the king's great feast to his thousand lords. While
Nebuchadnezzar boasted, his reason was suddenly
taken from him. While the multitude shouted
with impious flattery at Herod's speech, then " the
Angel of the Lord smote him, because he gave not
God the glory ^" Whether we take the first or the
final judgment upon Jerusalem, both visitations
were foretold as sudden. Of the former, Isaiah
had declared it should come " suddenly, at an
instant ^ ;" of the latter, Malachi, " The Lord whom
ye seek shall suddenly come to his Temple." And
such too will be His final visitation of the whole
earth ; men will be at their work in the city and in
the field, and it will overtake them like a thunder-
cloud. " Two women shall be grinding together ;
the one shall be taken and the other left. Two
men shall be in the field ; the one shall be taken
and the other left '."
And it is impossible that it should be otherwise,
in spite of warnings ever so clear, considering how
the world goes on in every age. Men, who are
plunged in the pursuits of active life, are no
judges of its course and tendency on the whole.
' Is. xxxvii. 36. ^ Acts xii. 23.
' Is. XXX. 13. * Luke xvii. 35, 36.
X] SECRECY OF DIVINE VISITATIONS. 125
They confuse great events with little, and measure
the importance of objects as in perspective by the
mere standard of nearness or remoteness. It is
only at a distance that one can take in the outlines
and features of a whole country. It is but holy
Daniel, solitary among princes, or Elijah the recluse
of Mount Carmel, who can withstand Baal, or fore-
cast the time of God's providences among the na-
tions. To the multitude all things continue to the
end, as they were from the beginning of the crea-
tion. The business of state affairs, the movements
of society, the course of nature, proceed as ever,
till the moment of Christ's coming. " The sun
was risen upon the earth," bright as usual, on
that very day of wTath in which Sodom was de-
stroyed. Men cannot believe their own time is an
especially wicked time; for, with Scripture unstudied
and hearts untrained in holiness, they have no
standard to compare it with. They take warning
from no troubles, or perplexities ; which rather
carry them away to search out the earthly causes of
them, and the possible remedies. They consider
them as conditions of this world, necessary results
of this or that state of society. When the power
of Assyria became great, (we might suppose) the
Jews had a plain call to repentance. Far from
it ; they were led to set power against power, they
took refuge against Assyria in Egypt their old
enemy. Probably they reasoned themselves into
what they considered a temperate, enlightened,
126 PURIFICATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. [Sebm.
cheerful view of national affairs; perhaps they
might consider the growth of Assyria as an advan-
tage rather than otherwise, as balancing the power
of Egypt, and so tending to their own security.
Certain it is, we find them connecting themselves
first with one kingdom, and then with the other, as
men who could read (as they thought) " the signs
of the times," and made some pretences to political
wisdom. Thus the world proceeds till wrath comes
upon it, and there is no escape. " To-morrow,"
they say, " shall be as this day, and much more
abundant \"
And in the midst of this their revel, whether of
sensual pleasure, or of ambition, or of covetousness,
or of pride and self-esteem, the decree goes forth
to destroy. The decree goes forth in secret ; An-
gels hear it, and the favoured few on earth ; but no
public event takes place to give the world warning.
The earth was doomed to the flood one hundred and
twenty years before " the decree brought forth ^"
or men heard of it. The waters of Babylon had
been turned, and the conqueror was marching into
the city, when Belshazzar made his great feast.
Pride infatuates man, and self-indulgence and
luxury work their way unseen, — like some smoul-
dering fire, which for a while leaves the outward
form of things unaltered. At length the decayed
mass cannot hold together, and breaks by its own
' Is. Ivi. 12. » Zeph. ii. 2.
X.] SECRECY OF DIVINE VISITATIONS. 127
weight, or on some slight and accidental external
violence. As the Prophet says ; " This iniquity-
shall be to you as a breach ready to fall, swelling
out (or bulging) in a high wall, whose breaking
cometh suddenly at an instant" The same inward
corruption of a nation seems to be meant in our
Lord's words, when He says of Jerusalem ; " Where-
soever the carcass is, there will the eagles be
gathered tgether ^"
Thoughts, such as the foregoing, are profitable
at all times ; for in every age the world is profane
and blind, and God hides His Providence, yet car-
ries it forward. But they are peculiarly apposite
now, in proportion as the present day bears upon it
more marks than usual of pride and judicial blind-
ness. Whether Christ is at our doors or not, but a
few men in England may have grace enough safely
to conjecture ; but that He is calling upon us all to
prepare as for His coming, is most evident to those
who have religious eyes and ears. Let us then
turn this Festival to account, by taking it as the
Memorial-day of His visitations. Let us from the
events it celebrates, lay up deep in our hearts the
recollection, how mysteriously little things are in
this world connected with great, how single mo-
ments, improved or wasted, are the salvation or
ruin of all-important interests. Let us bear the
thought upon us, when we come to worship in
' Matt. xxiv. 28.
128 PURIFICATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. [Serm.
God's House, that any such season of service may,
for what we know, be wonderfully connected with
some ancient purpose of His, announced before we
were born, and have its determinate bearing on
our eternal welfare; let us fear to miss the Sa-
viour, while Simeon and Anna find Him. Let us
remember that He was not manifested again in
the Temple, except once, for thirty years, while a
whole generation, who were alive at His first
visitation, died off in the interval. Let us carry
this thought into our daily conduct; considering
that, for what we know, our hope of salvation may
in the event materially depend on our avoiding
this or that momentary sin. And further, from
the occurrences of this day, let us take comfort,
when we despond about the state of the Church.
Perhaps we see not God's tokens ; we see neither
prophet nor teacher remaining to His people ;
darkness falls over the earth, and no protesting
voice is heard. Yet, granting things to be at
the very worst, yet, when Christ was presented
in the Temple, the age knew as little of it, as it
knows of His Providence now. Rather, the worse
our condition is, the nearer to us is the Advent of
our Deliverer. Even though He is silent, doubt
not that His army is on the march towards us.
He is coming through the sky, and has even now
His camp upon the outskirts of our own world.
Nay, though He still for a while keep His seat
at His Father's right hand, yet surely He sees
X.] SECRECY OF DIVINE VISITATIONS. 129
all that is going on, and waits and will not fail
His hour of vengeance. Shall He not hear His
own elect, when they cry day and night to Him ?
His Services of prayer and praise continue, and are
scorned by the multitude. Day by day, Festival
by Festival, Fast after Fast, Season by Season,
they continue according to His ordinance and are
scorned. But the greater His delay, the heavier
will be His vengeance, and the more complete
the deliverance of His people.
May the good Lord save His Church, in this her
hour of peril ; when Satan seeks to sap and corrupt
where he dare not openly assault ! May He raise
up instruments of His grace, " not ignorant" of the
devices of the Evil One, with seeming eyes, and
strong hearts, and vigorous arms to defend the
treasure of the faith once committed to the Saints,
and to rouse and alarm their slumbering brethren !
" For Sion's sake will I not hold my peace, and for
Jerusalem's sake I will not rest, until the righte-
ousness thereof go forth as brightness, and the sal-
vation thereof as a lamp that burneth Ye
that make mention of the Lord, keep not silence,
and give him no rest, till He establish, and till He
make Jerusalem a praise in the earth .... Go
through, go through the gates ; prepare ye the way
of the people, cast up, cast up the highway, gather
out the stones, lift up the standard for the people '.'*
' Is. Ixii. 1. 6, 7. 10.
VOL. II. K
130 PURIFICATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. [Serm.X.
Thus does Almighty God address His " watchmen
on the walls of Jerusalem ;" and to the Church her-
self He says, to our great comfort : " No weapon
that is formed against thee shall prosper, and every
tongue that shall rise against thee in judgment,
thou shalt condemn. This is the heritage of the
servants of the Lord, and their righteousness is of
Me, saith the Lord^" ■ ^ : :> . :■ -.
' Is. liv. 17.
SERMON XL
THE FEAST OF ST. MATTHIAS, THE APOSTLE.
DIVINE DECREES.
Rev. iii. 11.
Hold that fast which thou hast, that no man take thy crown.
This is the only Saint's-day which is to be cele-
brated with mingled feelings of joy and pain. It
records the fall, as well as the election of an Apostle.
St. Matthias was chosen in the place of the traitor
Judas. In the history of the latter we have the
warning recorded in very deed which our Lord in
the next gives us in word, "Hold that fast which thou
hast, that no man take thy crown." And doubtless
many were the warnings such as this, addressed by
our Lord to the wretched man who in the end be-
trayed him. Not only did He call him to reflection
and repentance by the hints which He let drop con-
cerning him during the Last Supper, but in the dis-
courses previous to it. He may be supposed to have
intended a reference to the circumstances of His
apostate disciple. " Watch ye, therefore," He said,
" lest coming suddenly. He find you sleeping." — I
called Judas just now wretched ; for we must not
K 2
132 ST. MATmiAS. [Sekm.
speak of sinners according to the falsely-charitable
way of some, styling them unfortunate instead of
wicked, lest we thus learn to excuse sin in ourselves.
He was doubtles inea?cusahle, as we shall be, if we
follow his pattern; and he must be viewed, not
C with pity, but with fear and awe.
The reflection which rises in the mind on a con-
sideration of the election of St. Matthias, is this ;
how easily God may effect His purposes without
us, and put others in our place, if we are dis-
obedient to Him. It often happens that those
who have long been in His favour grow secure and
presuming. They think their salvation certain,
and their service necessary to Him who has gra-
ciously accepted it. They consider themselves as
personally bound up with His purposes of mercy
manifested in the Church; and so marked out,
that, if they could fall. His word would fail. They
come to think they have some peculiar title or
interest in His promises, over and above other
men, (however derived, it matters not, whether
from His eternal decree, or on the other hand
from their own especial holiness and obedience,)
but practically such an interest, that the very
supposition that they can possibly fall offends them.
Now this feeling of self-importance is repressed all
through the Scriptures, and especially by the events
we commemorate to-day. Let us consider this
subject.
Eliphaz the Temanite thus answers Job, who in
XL] DIVINE DECREES. 133
his distress showed infirmity, and gi-ew impatient
of God's correction. " Can a man be profitable unto
God, as he that is wise may be profitable unto
himself? Is it any pleasure to the Almighty,
that thou art righteous ? or is it gain to Him, that
thou makest thy ways perfect ^ ?" And the course
of His providence as recorded in Scripture, will
show us, that, in dealing with us His rational crea-
tures. He goes by no unconditional rule, which
makes us absolutely His from the first ; but, as He
is " no respecter of persons," so on the other hand
righteousness and judgment are the basis of His
throne ; and that whoso rebels, whether Archangel
or Apostle, at once forfeits His favor; and this,
even for the sake of those who do not rebel.
Not long before the fall and treachery of Judas,
Christ pronounced a blessing, as it seemed, upon
all the twelve Apostles, the traitor included. " Ye
which have followed Me, in the regeneration, when
the Son of Man shall sit in the throne of His glory,
ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging
the twelve tribes of Israel ^" Who would not
have thought from this promise, taken by itself,
and without reference to the Eternal Rule of God's
government, which is always understood, even when
not formally enunciated, that Judas was sure of
eternal life ? It is true our Saviour added, as if
with an allusion to him, " many that are first shall
» Job xxii. 2, 3. ' Matt. xix. 28.
1^4 ST. MATTHIAS. [Serm.
be last ;" yet He said nothing to undeceive such as
might refuse to consult and apply the fundamental
law of His impartial Providence. All His twelve
Apostles seemed from the letter of His words, to be
predestined to life ; nevertheless, in a few months,
Matthias held the throne and crown of one of them.
— And there is something remarkable in the cir-
cumstance itself, that our Lord should have made up
their number to a full twelve, after one had fallen ;
and, perhaps, there may be contained in it some
symbolical allusion to the scope of His decrees,
which we cannot altogether enter into. Surely,
had He willed it, eleven would have accomplished
His purpose as well as twelve. Why, when one
had fallen, should He accurately fill up the perfect
number ? Yet, not only in the case of the Apostles,
but in that of the tribes of Israel also, if He rejects
one, He divides another into two ^ Why is this, but
to show us, as it would appear, that in this election
of us, He does not look at us as mere individuals, but
as a body, as a certain definite whole, of which the
parts may alter in the process of disengaging it
from this sinful world, — with reference to some
glorious and harmonious design beyond us, who
are the immediate objects of His bounty, and shall
be the fruit of His love, if we are faithful ? Why,
but to show us, that He could even find other
Apostles to suffer for Him, — and much more,
' Rev. vii.
XT.] DIVINE DECREES. 135
servants to fill His lower thrones, should we be
wanting, and transgress His strict and holy law?
This is but one instance out of many, in the
revealed history of His moral government. He
was on the point of exemplifying the same Rule in
the case of the Israelites, when Moses stayed His
hand. God purposed to consume them, when
they rebelled, and instead to make of Moses' seed
a great nation. This happened twice '. The second
time, God declared what was His end in view
in fulfilling which the Israelites were but His
instruments. " I have pardoned according to thy
word; but as truly as I live, oU the earth shall
be filled with the glw^y of the Loi'dr Again, on the
former occasion, He gave the Rule of His dealings
with them. Moses wished for the sake of his people
to be himself excluded from the land of promise ;
" If thou wilt forgive their sin ; — and if not, blot
me, I pray Thee, out of Thy book which Thou hast
written. And the Lord said unto Moses, Whosoever
hath sinned against Me, him will I blot out of My
book." So clearly has He shown us from the
beginning, that His own glory is the End, and
justice the essential Rule of His Providence.
Again, Saul was chosen, and thought himself
secure. His conduct evinced the self-will of an
independent monarch, instead of one who felt
himself to be a mere instrument of God's pur-
' Exod. xxxii. 32, 33. Numb. xiv. 20, 21.
136 ST. MAITHIAS. [Serm.
poses, a minister of His glory, under the obligation
of a law of right and wrong, and strong only as
wielded by Him who formed him. So, when he
sinned, Samuel said to him, " Thou hast done
foolishly, thou hast not kept the commandment of
the Lord thy God .... for now would the Lord have
established thy kingdom upon Israel for ever. But
now thy kingdom shall not continue ; the Lord
hath sought him a man after His own heart ^"
And again, "The Lord hath rent the kingdom of
Israel from thee this day, and hath given it to a
neighbour of thine, that is better than thou ^."
In like manner, Christ also, convicting the Jews
out of their own mouth ; " He will miserably de-
stroy those wicked men, and will let out His vineyard
unto other husbandmen, which shall render Him the
fruits in their seasons ^" Consider how strikino-
an instance the Jews formed when the Gospel was
oiFered them, of the general Rule which I am point-
ing out. They were rejected. How hard they
thought it, St. Paul's Epistles show. They did not
shrink from declaring, that, if Jesus were the Christ,
and the Gentiles made equal with them, God's
promise was broken; and you may imagine how
forcibly they might have pleaded the prophecies of
the Old Testament, which seemed irreversibly to
assign honour and power (not to say temporal honour
and power,) to the Israelites by name. Alas ! they
' I Sara, xiii. 13, 14. * 1 Sam. xv. 28. * Matt. xxi. 41.
XI.] DIVINE DECREES. 137
did not seek out and use the one clue given them
for their religious course, amid all the mysteries
both of Scripture and the world, — the one solemn
Rule of God's dealings with His creatures. They
did not listen for that small still voice, running
under all His dispensations, most clear to those who
would listen, amid all the intricacies of His Pro-
vidence and His promises. Impressed though it be
upon the heart by nature, and ever insisted on in
Revelation, as the basis on which God has estab-
lished all his decrees, it was to them a hard saying.
St. Paul retorts it on their consciences, when they
complained. " God (he says) will render to every
man according to his deeds. To them who by
patient continuance in well-doing seek for glory and
honour and immortality, eternal life ; but unto them
that are contentious, and do not obey the Truth,
but obey unrighteousness, indignation and wrath ;
— tribulation and anguish upon every soul of man
that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the
Gentile ; but glory, honour, and peace, to every man
that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to the
Gentile. For there is no respect qfpersoiis with God \"
Such was the unchangeable Rule of God's
government, as it is propounded by St. Paul in
explanation of the Jewish election, and significantly
prefixed to his discourse upon the Christian. Such
as was the Mosaic, such also is the Gospel Cove-
• Rom. ii. 6—11.
138 ST. MATTHIAS. [Serm.
nant, made without respect of persons ; rich, in-
deed, in privilege and promise far above the Elder
Dispensation, but bearing on its front the same
original avowal of impartial retribution, — " peace
to every man that worketh good," " wrath to the
disobedient ;" predestining to glory, characters not
persons, pledging the gift of perseverance not to
individuals, but to a body of which the separate
members might change. This is the doctrine set
before us by that Apostle, to whom was revealed in
an extraordinary way the nature of the Christian
Covenant, its peculiar blessedness, gifts, and pro-
mises. The New Covenant was, so far, not unlike
the Old, as some reasoners in these days would
maintain.
We are vouchsafed a further witness to it, in the
favoured Evangelist, who finally closed and per-
fected the volume of God's revelations, after the
death of his brethren. " Behold, I come quickly,
and My reward is with Me, to give every man
according as his work shall be Blessed are
they that do His commandments, that they may have
right to the tree of life, and may enter in through
the gates into the city \"
And a third witness that the Christian Election is
like the Jewish, conditional, is our Lord's own de-
claration, which He left behind Him with His
Apostles when He was leaving the world, as re-
' Rev. xxii. 12. 14.
XL] DIVINE DECREES. 139
corded by the same Evangelist. " If a man abide
not in Me^^ He said, " he is cast forth as a branch,
and is withered ; and men gather them, and cast
them into the fire, and they are burned." And,
lest restless and reluctant minds should shelter
their opposition to this solemn declaration under
some supposed obscurity in the expression of
" abiding in Him," and say that none abide in Him
but the predestined, He adds, for the removal of
all doubt, " If ye keep my commandments, ye shall
abide in my love ^"
Lastly, in order to complete the solemn promul-
gation of His Eternal Rule, He exemplified it,
while He spoke it, in the instance of an Apostle.
He knew whom He had chosen ; that they were
" not all clean," that " one of them was a devil ;"
yet He chose all twelve, as if to show that souls
chosen for eternal life might fall away. Thus, in
the case of the Apostles themselves, in the very
foundation of His Church, He laid deep the serious
and merciful warning, if we have wisdom to lay it
to heart ; " Be not high-minded, but fear ;" for, if
God spared not Apostles, neither will He spare
thee!
What solemn overpowering thoughts must have
crowded on St. Matthias, when he received the
greetings of the eleven Apostles, and took His seat
among them as their brother ! His very election was
* John XV. 16.
140 ST. MATTHIAS. [Seem.
a witness against himself, if he did not fulfil it. And
such surely will ours be in our degree. We take the
place of others who have gone before, as Matthias
did ; we are " baptized for the dead," filling up the
ranks of soldiers, some of whom, indeed, have
fought a good fight, but many of whom in every
age have made void their calling. Many are called,
few are chosen. The monuments of sin and unbe-
lief are set up around us. The casting away of the
Jew^s was the reconciling of the Gentiles. The fall
of one nation is the conversion of another. The
Church loses old branches, and gains new. God
works according to His own inscrutable pleasure ;
He has left the East, and manifested Himself West-
ward. Thus the Christian of every age is but the
successor of the lost and of the dead. How long
we of this country shall be put in trust with the
Gospel, we know not ; but while we have the pri-
vilege, assuredly we do but stand in the place of
Christians who have either utterly fallen away, or
are so corrupted, as scarcely to let their light shine
before men. We are at present witnesses of the
Truth ; and our very glory is our warning. By the
superstitions, the profanities, the indifference, the
unbelief of the world called Christian, we are
called upon to be lowly-minded while we preach
aloud, and to tremble while we rejoice. Let us
then, as a Church and as individuals, one and all,
look to Him who alone can keep us from falling.
Let us with single heart look up to Christ our
XL] DIVINE DECREES. 141
Saviour, and put ourselves hito His hands, from
whom all our strength and wisdom is derived. Let
us avoid the beginnings of temptation ; let us watch
and pray lest we enter into it. Avoiding all specu-
lations which are above us, let us follow what tends
to edifying. Let us receive into our hearts the
great truth, that we who have been freely accepted
and sanctified as members of Christ, shall hereafter
be judged by our works, done in and through Him ;
that the Sacraments unite us to Him, and that
faith makes the Sacraments open their hidden vir-
tue, and flow forth in pardon and grace. Beyond
this we may not inquire. How it is one man per-
severes and another falls, what are the exact limits
and character of our natural corruption, — these are
over-subtle questions ; while we know for certain,
that though we can do nothing of ourselves, yet
that salvation is in our own power, for however
deep and far-spreading is the root of evil in us,
God's grace will be sufficient for our need.
SERMON XII.
THE FEAST OF THE ANNUNCIATION OF THE BLESSED
VIRGIN MARY.
THE REVERENCE DUE TO HER.
Luke i. 48.
From henceforth all generations shall call me blessed.
To-day we celebrate the Annunciation of the Virgin
Mary ; when the Angel Gabriel was sent to tell
her that she was to be the Mother of our Lord, and
when the Holy Ghost came upon her, and over-
shadowed her with the power of the Highest. In
that great event was fulfilled her anticipation as
expressed in the text. All generations have called
her blessed ^ The Angel began the salutation ; he
said, " Hail, thou that art highly-favoured ; the
Lord is with thee ; blessed ^ art thou among women."
Again he said, " Fear not, Mary, for thou hast
found favour with God ; and, behold, thou shalt
conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a Son, and
shalt call His name Jesus. He shall be great, and
ANNUNCIATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. \4S
shall be called the Son of the Highest." Her
cousin Elizabeth was the next to greet her with
her appropriate title. Though she was filled with
the Holy Ghost at the time she spake, yet, far
from thinking herself by such a gift equalled to
Mary, she was thereby moved to use the lowlier
and more reverent language. " She spake out
with a loud voice, and said. Blessed art thou among
women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. And
whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord
should come to me?" .... Then she repeated,
" Blessed is she that believed ; for there shall be a
performance of those things which were told her
from the Lord." Then it was that Mary gave
utterance to her feelings in the Hymn which we
read in the Evening Service, How many and com-
plicated must they have been ! In her was now to
be fulfilled that promise which the world had been
looking out for during thousands of years. Tlie
Seed of the woman, announced to guilty Eve, after
long delay, was at length appearing upon earth,
and was to be born of her. In her the destinies
of the world were to be reversed, and the serpent's
head bruised. On her was bestowed the greatest
honour ever put upon any individual of our fallen
race. God was taking upon Him her flesh, and
humbling Himself, to be called Her offspring; —
such is the deep mystery ! She of course would feel
her own inexpressible un worthiness ; and again, her
humble lot, her ignorance, her weakness in the eyes
144 ANNUNCIATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. [Serm.
of the world. And she had, moreover, we may
well suppose, that purity and innocence of heart,
that bright vision of faith, that confiding trust in
her God, which raised all these feelings to an in-
tensity which we, ordinary mortals, cannot under-
stand. We cannot understand them ; we repeat
her hymn day after day, — yet consider for an in-
stant in how different a mode we say it from that
in which' she at the first uttered it. We even hurry
it over, and do not think of the meaning of those
words, which came from the most highly favoured,
awfully gifted of the children of men. " My soul
doth magnify the Lord, and my spirit hath rejoiced
in God my Saviour. For He hath regarded the
low estate of His hand-maiden : for behold, from
henceforth all generations shall call me blessed.
For He that is mighty hath done to me great
things ; and holy is His name. And His mercy
is on them that fear Him from generation to
generation."
Now let us consider in what respects the Virgin
Mary is Blessed ; a title first given her by the
Angel, and next by the Church in all ages since to
this day.
1. I observe, that in her the curse pronounced on
Eve, was changed to a blessing. Eve was doomed
to bear children in sorrow ; but now this very
dispensation, in which the token of Divine anger
was conveyed, was made the means by which sal-
vation came into the Avorld. Christ might have de-
XII.] THE REVERENCE DUE TO HER. 145
scended from heaven, as He went, and as He will
come again. He might have taken on Him a body
from the ground, as Adam was taken ; or been
formed, like Eve, in some other divinely devised
way. But, far from this, God sent forth His Son
(as St. Paul says), " made of a woman." For it has
been His gracious purpose to turn all that is ours
from evil to good. Had He so pleased. He might
have found, when we sinned, other beings to do
Him service, casting us into hell ; but He purposed
to save and to change tis. And in like manner all
that belongs to us, our reason, our aifections, our
pursuits, our relations in life, He wishes nothing
put aside in His disciples, but all sanctified. There-
fore, instead of sending His Son from Heaven, He
sent Him forth as the Son of Marv, to show that all
our sorrow and all our corruption can be blessed
and changed by Him. The very punishment of the
fall, the very taint of birth-sin, admits of a cure by
the coming of Christ.
2. But there is another portion of the original
punishment of woman, which may be considered as
repealed when Christ came. It was said to the
woman, " Thy husband shall rule over thee ;" a
sentence which has been strikingly fulfilled. Man
has strength to conquer the thorns and thistles
which the earth is cursed with, but the same
strength has ever proved the fulfilment of the
punishment awarded to the woman. Look abroad
through the Heathen world, and see how the
VOL. 11. L
146 ANNUNCIATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN [Serm.
weaker half of mankind has every where been tyran-
nized over and debased by the strong arm of force.
Consider all those eastern nations, which have never
at any time reverenced it, but have heartlessly made
it the slave of every bad and cruel purpose. Thus
the serpent has triumphed, — making the man still
degrade himself by her who originally tempted him,
and her, who then tempted, now suffer from him
who was seduced. Nay, even under the light of
revelation, the punishment on the woman was not
removed at once. Still, (in the words of the curse,)
her husband ruled over her. The very practice of
polygamy and divorce, which was suffered under the
patriarchal and Jewish dispensations, proves it.
But when Christ came as the seed of the woman.
He vindicated the rights and honour of His Mother.
Not that the distinction of ranks is destroyed under
the Gospel ; the woman is still made inferior to the
man, as he to Christ ; but the slavery is done away
with. St. Peter bids the husband " give honour
unto the wife, because the weaker, in that both are
heirs of the grace of life \" And St. Paul, while en-
joining subjection upon her, speaks of the especial
blessedness vouchsafed her in being the appointed
entrance of the Saviour into the world. " Adam
was first formed, then Eve; and Adam was not
deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the
transgression." But, " notwithstanding, she shall
* 1 Peter iii. 7.
XII.] THE RB^VERENCE DUE TO HER. 147
be saved through the Child-bearing \" that is.
through the birth of Christ from Mary, which was
a blessing, as upon all mankind, so peculiarly upon
the woman. Accordingly, from that time, Marriage
has not only been restored to its original dignity,
but even gifted with a spiritual privilege, as the
outward symbol of the heavenly union subsisting
betwixt Christ and His Church.
Thus has the Virgin Mary, in bearing bur Lord,
taken off or lightened the peculiar disgrace which
the woman inherited for seducing Adam, sanctifying
the one part of it, repealing the other.
3. But further, she is doubtless to be accounted
blessed and favoured in herself, as well as in the
benefits she has done us. Who can estimate the
holiness and perfection of her, who was chosen to
be the Mother of Christ ? If to him that hath,
more is given, and holiness and divine favour go
together, (and this we are expressly told,) what
must have been the transcendent purity of her,
whom the Creator Spirit condescended to over-
shadow with His miraculous presence ? What must
have been her gifts, who was chosen to be the only
near earthly relative of the Son of God, the only
one whom He was bound by nature to revere and
look up to ; the one appointed to train and educate
Him, to instruct Him day by day, as He grew in
wisdom and in stature ? This contemplation runs
» 1 Tim. ii. 15.
l2
148 ANNUNCIATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. [Sehm.
to a higher subject, did we dare follow it ; for what,
think you, was the sanctified state of that human
nature, of which God formed his sinless Son ; know-
ing, as we do, " that what is born of the flesh, is
flesh ;" and that " none can bring a clean thing out
of an unclean ' ?"
Now, after dwelling on thoughts such as these,
when we turn back again to the Gospels, I think
every one must feel some surprise, that we are not
told more about the Virgin Mary, than we find
there. After the circumstances of Christ's birth
and infancy, we hear little of her. Little is said
in praise of her. She is mentioned as attending
Christ to the cross, and there committed by Him
to St. John's keeping ; and she is mentioned as
continuing with the Apostles in prayer after His
ascension ; and then we hear no more of her. But,
here again in this silence we find instruction, as
much as in the mention of her.
1. It suggests to us that Scripture was written,
not to exalt this or that particular Saint, but to
give glory to Almighty God. There have been thou-
sands of holy souls in the times of which the Bible
history treats, whom we know nothing of, because
their lives did not fall upon the line of God's public
dealings with man. In Scripture we read, not of
all the good men who ever were, only of a few,
viz. those in whom God's name was especially
' 1 John iii. 6. Job xiv. 4.
XII.] THE REVERENCE DUE TO HER. 149
honoured. Doubtless there have been many widows
in Israel, serving God in fastings and prayers, like
Anna ; but she only is mentioned in Scripture, as
being in a situation to glorify the Lord Jesus. She
spoke of the Infant Saviour " to all them that
looked for redemption in Jerusalem." Nay, for
what we know, faith like Abraham's, and zeal like
David's, have burned in the breasts of thousands
whose names have no memorial ; because, (I say,)
Scripture is written to show us the course of God's
great and marvellous Providence, and we hear of
those Saints only who were the instruments of His
purposes, as either introducing or preaching His
Son. Christ's favoured Apostle was St. John, His
personal friend ; yet, how little do we know of St.
John compared with St. Paul ; — and why ? because
St. Paul was the more illustrious propagator and
dispenser of His Truth. As St. Paul himself said,
that he " knew no man after the flesh \" so His
Saviour, with somewhat a similar meaning, has hid
from us the knowledge of His more sacred and
familiar feelings, His feelings towards His Mother
and His friend. These were not to be exposed, as
unfit for the world to know, — as dangerous, because
not admitting of being known, without a risk lest the
honour which those Saints received through grace,
should eclipse in our minds the honour of Him who
honoured them. Had the Virgin Mary been more
' 2 Cor. V. 16.
150 ANNUNCIATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. [Seem.
fully disclosed to us in the heavenly beauty and
sweetness of the spirit within her, true, she would
have been honoured, her gifts would have been
clearly seen ; but, at the same time, the Giver would
have been somewhat less contemplated, because no
design or work of His would have been disclosed
in her history. She would have seemingly been
introduced for her sake, not for His sake. When a
Saint is seen working towards an end appointed by
God, we see him to be a mere instrument, a servant
though a favoured one ; and, though we admire
him, yet, after all, we glorify God in him. We
pass on from him to the work to which he ministers.
But, when any one is introduced, full of gifts, yet
without visible and immediate subserviency to
God's designs, such a one seems revealed for his
own sake. We should rest, perchance, in the
thought of him, and think of the creature more
than the Creator. Thus it is a dangerous thing, it
is too high a privilege, for sinners like ourselves,
to know the best and innermost thoughts of God's
servants. We cannot bear to see such men in their
own place, in the retirement of private life, and
the calmness of hope and joy. The higher their
gifts, the less fitted they are for being seen. Even
St. John the Apostle, was twice tempted to fall
down in worship before an Angel who showed him
the things to come. And, if he who had seen the
Son of God was thus overcome by the creature,
how is it possible we could bear to gaze upon the
XII.] THE REVEREiNCE DUE TO HER. 151
creature's holiness in its fulness, especially as we
should be more able to enter into it, and estimate it,
than to comprehend the infinite perfections of the
Eternal Godhead ? Therefore, many truths are, like
the " things which the seven thunders uttered S"
" sealed up" from us. In particular, it is in mercy
to us that so little is revealed about the Blessed
Virgin, in mercy to our weakness, though of her
there are " many things to say," yet they are " hard
to be uttered, seeing we are dull of hearing ^."
2. But, further, the more we consider who the
Virgin was, the more dangerous will such know-
ledge of her appear to be. Other saints are but in-
fluenced or inspired by Christ, and made partakers
of Him mystically. But, as to the Virgin, Christ
derived his manhood from her, and so had an
especial unity of nature with her ; and this won-
drous relationship between God and man, it is per-
haps impossible for us to dwell much upon without
some perversion of feeling. For, truly, she is raised \
above the condition of sinful beings, though she
was a sinner ; she is brought near to God, yet is but [
a creature ; and, seems to lack her fitting place in
our limited understandings, neither too high nor
too low. We cannot combine in our thought of her,
all we should ascribe with all we should with-
hold. Hence, following the example of Scripture,
we had better only think of her with and for her
' Rev. X. 4. => Heb. v. 11.
152 ANNUNCIATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. [Sekm.
Son, never separating her from Him, but, using her
name as a memorial of His great condescension in
stooping from heaven, and " not abhorring the
Virgin's womb." And this is the rule -of our own
Church, which has set apart only such Festivals in
honour of the Blessed Mary, as may also be Festivals
in honour of our Lord ; the Purification comme-
morating His presentation in the Temple, and
the Annunciation commemorating His incarnation.
And, with this caution, the thought of her may be
made most profitable to our faith ; for, nothing is
so calculated to impress on our minds that Christ
is really partaker of our nature, and in all respects
man, save sin only, as to associate Him with the
thought of her, by whose ministration He became
our brother.
To conclude. Observe the lesson which we gain
for ourselves from the history of the Virgin Mary ;
that the highest graces of the soul may be matured
in private, and without those fierce trials to which
the many are exposed in order to their sanotifica-
tion. So hard are our hearts, that affliction, pain,
and anxiety are sent to humble us, and dispose us
towards a true faith in the heavenly word, when
preached to us. Yet, it is only our extreme obsti-
nacy of unbelief which renders this chastisement
necessary. The aids which God gives under the
Gospel Covenant, have power to renew and purify
our hearts, without uncommon providences to dis-
cipline us into receiving them. God gives His
i
XII.] THE REVERENCE DUE TO HER. 153
Holy Spirit to us silently ; and the silent duties of
every day, (it may be humbly hoped,) are blest to
the sufficient sanctification of thousands, whom the
world knows not of. The Virgin Mary is a memo-
rial of this ; and it is consoling as well as instruc-
tive to know it. When we quench the grace of
Baptism, then it is that we need severe trials to re-
store us. This is the case of the multitude, whose
best estate is that of chastisement, repentance, sup-
plication, and absolution, again and again. But,
there are those, who go on in a calm and unswerv-
ing course, learning day by day to love Him who
has redeemed them, and overcoming the sin of
their nature by His heavenly grace, as the various
temptations to evil successively present themselves.
And, of these undefiled followers of the Lamb, the
Virgin Mary is the chief. Strong in the Lord, and
/ the power His might, she " staggered not at the
* promise of God through unbelief;" she believed
when Zacharias doubted, — with a faith like Abra-
ham^ she believed, and was blessed for her belief,
and had the performance of those things which
were told her by the Lord. And when sorrow
came upon her afterwards, it was but the blessed
participation of her Son's sacred sorrows, not the
sorrow of those who suffer for their sins.
If we, through God's unspeakable gift, have in any
measure followed Mary's innocence in our youth,
so far let us bless Him who enabled us. But so far
as we are conscious of having departed from Him, let
154 ANNUNCIATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. [Serm.
US bewail our miserable guilt. Let us acknowledge
from the heart that no punishment is too severe for
us, no chastisement should be unwelcome, (though
it is a sore thing to learn to welcome pain,) if it
tend to burn away the corruption which has propa-
gated itself within us. Let us count all things as
gain, which God sends to cleanse away the marks
of sin and shame which are upon our foreheads.
The day will come at length, when our Lord and
Saviour will unveil that Sacred Countenance to the
whole world, which no sinner ever yet could see and
live. Then will the world be forced to look upon
Him, whom they pierced with their unrepented
wickedness ; " all faces will gather blackness \"
Then they will discern, what they do not now
believe, the utter deformity of sin ; while the Saints
of the Lord, who seemed on earth to bear but the
countenance of common men, will wake up one by
one after His likeness, and be fearful to look upon.
And then will be fulfilled the promise pledged
to the Church on the Mount of Transfiguration. It
will be "good" to be with those whose tabernacles
might have been a snare to us on earth, had we been
allowed to build them. We shall see our Lord, and
His Blessed Mother, the Apostles and Prophets,
and all those righteous men whom we now read of
in history, and long to know. Then we shall be
taught in those Mysteries which are now above us.
' Joel ii. 6.
1
XII.] THE REVERENCE DUE TO HER. 155
In the words of the Apostle, " Beloved, now are we
the sons of God, and it doth not yet appear what
we shall be; but we know that, when He shall
appear, we shall be like Him, for we shall see Him
as He is : and every man that hath this hope in
Him, pmifieth himself, even as He is pure ^"
' 1 John iii. 2, 3. On the subject of this Sermon, vid.
Bishop Bull's Sermon on Luke i. 48, 49.
SERMON XIII.
THE FEAST OF THE RESURRECTION OF OUR LORD.
CHRIST, A QUICKENING SPIRIT.
Luke xxiv. 5, 6.
Why seek ye the Living among the dead ? He is not here, but
is risen.
Such is the triumphant question with which the
Holy Angels put to flight the sadness of the women
on the morning of Christ's resurrection. " O ye of
little faith," less faith than love, more dutiful than
understanding, why come ye to anoint His Body
on the third day ? Why seek ye the Living Saviour
in the tomb ? The time of sorrow is run out ; vic-
tory has come, according to His word, and ye recol-
lect it not. " He is not here, but is risen !"
These were deeds done and words spoken eigh-
teen hundred years since ; so long ago, that in the
world's thought they are as though they never had
been ; yet they hold good to this day. Christ is to
us now, just what He was in all His glorious Attri-
butes on the morning of the Resurrection; and
Serm. XIII.] CHRIST, A QUICKENING SPIRIT. 157
we are blessed in knowing it, even more than the
women to whom the Angels spoke, according to His
own assurance, "Blessed are they that have not
seen, and yet have believed."
On this highest of Festivals, I will attempt to set
before you one out of the many comfortable sub-
jects of reflection which it suggests.
1. First, then, observe how Christ's resurrection
harmonizes with the history of His birth. David
had foretold that His " soul should not be left in
hell," (that is the unseen state,) neither should " the
Holy One of God see corruption." And with a
reference to this prophecy, St. Peter says, that it
" was not possible that He should be holden of
death ^;" as if there were some hidden inherent
vigour in Him, which secured His Manhood from
dissolution. The greatest infliction of pain and
violence could only destroy its powers for a season ;
but nothing could make it decay. " Thou wilt not
suffer Thy Holy One to see corruption;" so says
the Scripture, and elsewhere calls Him the " Holy
child Jesus ^" These expressions carry our minds
back to the Angels' announcement of His birth, in
which His incorruptible and immortal nature is
implied. " That Holy Thing" which was born of
Mary, was " the Son," not of man, but " of God."
Others have all been born in sin, " after Adam's
» Ps. xvi. 10. Acts ii. 24. 27. Tovoaiov.
' Acts iv. 27. Tov ayioy.
158 EASTER-DAY. [Serm.
own likeness, in his image S" and, being born in
sin, they are heirs to corruption. " By one man
sin entered into the world, and death," and all its
consequences, " by sin." Not one human being
comes into existence without God's discerning evi-
dences of sin attendant on his birth. But when the
Word of Life was manifested in our flesh, the Holy
Ghost displayed that creative hand, by which, in the
beginning, Eve was formed ; and the Holy Child,
thus conceived by the Power of the Highest, was
(as the history shows,) immortal even in His mortal
nature, clear from all infection of the forbidden
fruit, so far as to be sinless and incorruptible.
Therefore, though He was liable to death, " it was
impossible He should be holdevb'' of it. Death
might overpower, but it could not keep possession ;
" it had no dominion over Him ^" He was, in the
words of the text, " the Living among the dead."
And hence His rising from the dead may be said
to have evinced His divine original. He was " de-
clared to be the Son of God with power, according
to the Spirit of Holiness," that is, His essential
Godhead, " by the resurrection of the dead ^"
He had been condemned as a blasphemer by the
Jewish Rulers, " because He made Himself the Son
of God ;" and He was brought to the death of the
Cross, not only as a punishment, but as a practical
refutation of His claim. He was challenged by
His enemies on this score ; " If thou be the Son
* Gen. V. 3. ' Rom. vi. 9. * Rom. i. 4.
XIII.] CHRIST, A QUICKENING SPIRIT. 159
of God, come down from the Cross." Thus His
crucifixion was as though a trial, a new experiment
on the part of Satan, who had before tempted Him,
whether He was like other men, or the Son of
God. Observe the event. He was obedient unto
death, fulfilling the law of that disinherited nature
which He had assumed ; and in order, by under-
going it, to atone for our sins. So far was per-
mitted by God's " determinate counsel and fore-
knowledge ;" but there the triumph of His enemies,
so to account it, ended; ended, with what w^as
necessary for our redemption. He said, '* It is
finished;" for His humiliation was at its lowest
depth when He expired. Immediately some inci-
pient tokens showed themselves, that the real vic-
tory was with Him ; first, the earthquake and
other wonders in heaven and earth. These even
were enough to justify His claim in the judgment
of the heathen Centurion; who said at once,
" Truly this was the Son of God." Then followed
His descent into hell, and triumph in the unseen
world, whatever that was. Lastly, that glorious
deed of power on the third morning which we now
commemorate. The dead arose. The grave could
not detain Him who " had life in Himself." He
rose as a man awakes in the morning, when sleep
flies from him as a thing of course. Corruption
had no power over that Sacred Body, the fruit of an
immaculate conception. The bonds of death were
160 EASTER- DAY. [Seum.
broken as " green withs," witnessing by their feeble-
ness that He was the Son of God.
Such is the connexion between Christ's birth
and resurrection; and more than this might be
ventured concerning His incorrupt nature, were it
not better to avoid all risk of trespassing upon that
reverence with which we are bound to regard it.
Something might be said concerning His personal
appearance, which seems to have borne the marks
of one who was not tainted with birth-sin. Men
could scarce keep from worshipping Him. When
the Pharisees senc to seize Him, all the officers, on
His merely acknowledging Himself to be Him whom
they sought, fell backwards from His presence to
the ground. They were scared as brutes are said
to be by the voice of man. Thus, being created in
God's image. He was the second Adam ; and much
more than Adam in His secret nature, which beamed
through His tabernacle of flesh with awful purity
and brightness, even in the days of His humiliation.
" The first man was of the earth, earthy ; the second
man was the Lord from Heaven \"
2. And if such was His visible Majesty, while He
yet was subject to temptation, infirmity, and pain,
much more abundant was the manifestation of His
Godhead, w^hen He was risen from the dead. Then
the Divine Essence streamed forth (so to say) on
' 1 Cor. XV. 47.
XIII.] CHRIST, A QUICKENING SPIRIT. 161
every side, and environed His Manhood, as in a
cloud of glory. So transfigured was His Sacred
Body, that He, who had deigned to be born of a
woman, and to hang upon the Cross, had subtle vir-
tue in him, like a spirit, to pass through the closed
doors to His assembled followers ; while, by conde-
scending to the trial of their senses. He showed
that it was no mere spirit, but He Himself, as
before, with wounded hands and pierced side, who
spoke to them. He manifested Himself to them,
in this His exalted state, that they might be His
witnesses to the people ; witnesses of those separate
truths which man's reason cannot combine, that He
had a real human body, that it was partaker in the
properties of His Soul, and that it was inhabited
by the Eternal Word. They handled Him, — they
saw Him come and go, when the doors were shut,
— they felt, what they could not see, but could
witness even unto death, that He was " their Lord
and their God;" — a triple evidence, first, of His
Atonement, next of their own Resurrection unto
glory, lastly, of His Divine Power to conduct them
safely to it. Thus manifested as perfect God and
perfect man, in the fulness of His sovereignty, and
the immortality of His holiness, He ascended up
on high to take possession of His kingdom. There
He remains till the last day, " Wonderful, Coun-
sellor, the Mighty God, the Everlasting Father, the
Prince of Peace \"
' Isa. ix. f).
VOL. II. M
162 EASTER-DAY. [Serm.
3. He ascended into heaven, that He might
plead our cause with the Father; as it is said,
" He ever liveth to make intercession for us ',"
Yet we must not suppose, that in leaving us He
closed the gracious economy of His Incarnation,
and withdrew the ministration of His incorruptible
Manhood from His work of loving mercy towards
us. " The Holy One of God" was ordained, not
only to die for us, but also to be " the beginning" of
a new "creation" unto holiness, in our sinful race;
to re-fashion soul and body after His own likeness,
that they might be " raised up together, and sit
together in heavenly places in Christ Jesus."
Blessed for ever be His Holy Name ! before He
went away. He remembered our necessity, and
completed His work, bequeathing to us a special
mode of approaching Him, a Holy Mystery, in
which we receive, (we know not how,) the virtue of
that Heavenly Body, which is the life of all that
believe. This is the blessed Sacrament of the
Eucharist, in which " Christ is evidently set forth
crucified among us;" that we, feasting upon the
Sacrifice, may be " partakers of the Divine Na-
ture." Let us give heed lest we be in the number
of those, who " discern not the Lord's Body," and
the " exceeding great and precious promises" which
are made to those who partake it. And since there
is some danger of this, I will here make some brief
remarks concerning this great gift; and pray God
' Heb. vii. 25.
XIIL] CHRIST, A QUICKENING SPIRIT. 163
that our words and thoughts may accord to its un-
speakable sacredness.
Christ says, " As the Father hath life in Himself,
so hath He given also to the Son to have life in
Himself;" and afterwards He says, " Because I
live, ye shall live also ^" It would seem then, that
as Adam is the author of death to the whole race
of men, so is Christ the Origin of immortality.
When Adam ate the forbidden fi-uit, it was as a
poison spreading through his whole nature, soul
and body; and thence through every one of his
descendants. It was said to him, when he was
placed in the garden, " In the day that thou eatest
thereof, thou shalt surely die ; and we are told ex-
pressly, " in Adam all die." We all are born heirs
to that infection of nature which followed upon His
fall. But we are also told, " As in Adam all die,
even so in Christ shall all be made alive ; and the
same Law of God's Providence is maintained in both
cases. Adam spreads poison ; Christ diffuses life
eternal. Christ communicates life to us, one by
one, by means of that holy and incorrupt nature
which He assumed for our redemption ; how, we
know not, still, though by an unseen, surely by a
real communication of Himself. Therefore St.
Paul says, that "the last Adam w^as made" not
merely " a living soul," but " a quickening''' or life-
giving " Spirit," as being " the Lord from Heaven ^"
' John V. 26. xiv. 19. ' Gen. ii. 17- 1 Cor. xv. 22. 45. 47.
m2
164 EASTER-DAY. [Sehm.
Again, in his own gracious words, He is " the
Bread of life." " The Bread of God is He which
Cometh down from heaven, and giveth life unto the
world ;" or, as He says more plainly, " I am the
Bread which came down from heaven ;" " I am that
Bread of life ;" " I am the living Bread which came
down from heaven ; if any man eat of this bread,
he shall live for ever; and the Bread that I will
give is My flesh, which I will give for the life of the
world." And again, still more clearly, " Whoso
eateth My flesh, and drinketh My blood, hath
eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last
day\" Why should this communion with Him
be thought incredible, mysterious and sacred as it
is, when we know from the Gospels how mar-
vellously He wrought, in the days of His humi-
liation, towards those who approached Him ? We
are told on one occasion ; " The whole multitude
sought to touch Him ; for there went virtue out of
Him, and healed them all." Again, when the
woman, with the issue of blood, touched Him, He
"immediately knew that virtue had gone out of
Him ^." Such grace was invisible, known only by
the cure it eflected, as in the case of the woman.
Let us not doubt, though we do not sensibly
approach Him, that He can still give us the vir-
tue of His purity and incorruption, as He has
^ John vi. 33—54. * Luke vi. 19. Mark v. 30. Vide
Knox on the Eucharist. Remains, vol. ii.
XIII.] CHRIST, A aUICKENING SPIRIT. 16.5
promised, and in a more heavenly and spiritual
manner, than " in the days of His flesh ;" in a
way, which does not remove the mere ailments of
this temporal state, but sows the seed of eternal life
in body and soul. Let us not deny Him the glory
of His life-giving holiness, that diffusive grace
which is the renovation of our whole race, a spirit
quick and powerful and piercing, so as to leaven
the whole mass of human corruption, and make it
live. He is the first fruits of the Resurrection ; we
follow Him each in his own order, as we are hal-
lowed by His inward presence. And in this sense
among others, Christ, in the Scripture phrase, is
" formed in us ;" that is, the communication is
made to us of His new nature, which sanctifies the
soul, and makes the body immortal. In like man-
ner we pray in the Service of the Communion, that
" our sinful bodies may be made clean by His
body, and our souls washed through His most pre-
cious blood ; and that we may evermore dwell in
Him, and He in us '."
Such then is our risen Saviour in Himself and
towards us : — conceived by the Holy Ghost ; holy
from the womb ; dying, but abhorring corruption ;
rising again the third day by His own inherent life ;
exalted as the Son of God and Son of man, to
raise us after Him; and filling us incomprehen-
sibly with His immortal nature, till we become
' Vide note at the end of the volume.
166 EASTER-DAY. [Serm.
like Him, filling us with a spiritual life which may
expel the poison of the tree of knowledge, and
restore us to God. How wonderful a work of
grace ! Strange it was that Adam should be our
death; but stranger still, and very gracious, that
God Himself should be our life, by means of that
human tabernacle which He has taken on Himself.
O blessed day of the Resurrection, which of old
time was called the Queen of Festivals, and raised
among Christians an anxious, nay contentious dili-
gence duly to honour it ! Blessed day, once only
passed in sorrow, when the Lord actually rose, and
the Disciples believed not ; but ever since a day of
joy to the faith and love of the Church ! In an-
cient times Christians all over the world began it
with a morning salutation. Each man said to his
neighbour, " Christ is risen," and his neighbour
^ answered him ; " Christ is risen indeed, and hath
appeared unto Simon." Even to Simon, the coward
disciple who denied Him thrice, Christ is risen ;
even to us, who long ago vowed to obey Him,
and have yet so often denied Him before men,
so often taken part with sin, and followed the world,
when Christ called us another way. — " Christ is
risen indeed, and hath appeared to Simon !" to
Simon Peter, the favoured Apostle, on whom the
Church is built, Christ has appeared. He has
appeared to His Holy Church first of all, and in
the Church He dispenses blessings, such as the
world knows not of Blessed are they if they
XIII.] CHRIST, A QUICKENING SPIRIT. 167
knew their blessedness, who are allowed as we
are, week after week, and Festival after Festival, to
seek and find in that Holy Church the Saviour of
their souls ! Blessed are they beyond language or
thought, to whom it is vouchsafed to receive those
tokens of His love, which cannot otherwise be
gained by man, the pledges and means of His special
presence, in the Sacrament of His Supper; who
are allowed to eat and drink the food of immor-
tality, and receive life from the bleeding side of
the Son of God ! Alas ! by what strange coldness
of heart, or perverse superstition is it, that any one
called Christian, keeps away from that heavenly
ordinance? Is it not very grievous that there
should be any one who fears to share in the
greatest conceivable blessing which could come
upon sinful men? What in truth is that fear, but
unbelief, a slavish sin-loving obstinacy, if it leads
a man to go year after year without the spiritual
sustenance which God has provided for him? Is
it wonderful that, as time goes on, he should learn
deliberately to doubt of the grace therein given ?
that he should no longer look upon the Lord's
Supper as a heavenly feast, or the Lord's Minister
who consecrates it, as a chosen vessel, or that Holy
Church in which he ministers as a Divine Ordi-
nance, to be cherished as the parting legacy of
Christ to a sinful world? Is it wonderful that
seeing he sees not, and hearing he hears not ; and
that, lightly regarding all the gifts of Christ, he
168 EASTER-DAY. [Serm.
feels no reverence for the treasure-house wherein
they are stored ?
But we, who trust that so far we are doing God's
will, inasmuch as we are keeping to those ordinances
and rules, which His Son has left us, we may
humbly rejoice in this day, with a joy the world can-
not take away, any more than it can understand.
Truly, in this time of rebuke and blasphemy, we can-
not but be sober and subdued in our rejoicing ; yet
our peace and joy may be deeper and fuller even for
that very seriousness. For nothing can harm those
who bear Christ within them. Trial or temptation,
time of tribulation, time of wealth, pain, bereave-
ment, anxiety, sorrow, the insults of the enemy, the
loss of worldly goods, nothing can " separate us
from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our
Lord ^" This the Apostle told us long since ; but
we, in this age of the world, over and above his
word, have the experience of many centuries for
our comfort. We have his own history to show us
how Christ within us is stronger than the world
around us, and will prevail. We have the history
of all his fellow-sufferers, of all the Confessors and
Martyrs of early times, and since, to show us that
Christ's arm " is not shortened, that it cannot save ;"
that faith and love have a real abiding place on
earth ; that, come what will. His grace is sufficient
for His Church, and His strength made perfect in
' Rom. viii. 39.
XIII.] CHRIST, A QUICKENING SPIRIT. 169
weakness ; that, " even to old age, and to hoar
hairs, He will carry and deliver" her ; that, in what-
ever time the powers of evil give challenge, Martyrs
and Saints will start forth again, and rise from the
dead, as plentiful as though they had never been
before, even " the souls of them that were beheaded
for the witness of Jesus, and for the word of God,
and which had not worshipped the beast, neither
his image, neither had received his mark upon their
foreheads, or in their hands ^"
Meantime, while Satan only threatens, let us
possess our hearts in patience ; try to keep quiet ;
aim at obeying God, in all things, little as well as
great ; do the duties of our calling which lie before
us, day by day; and " take no thought for the
morrow, for sufficient unto the day is the evil
thereof 2."
* Rev. XX. 4. " Matt. vi. 34.
SERMON XIV.
MONDAY IN EASTER WEEK.
SAVING KNOWLEDGE.
1 John ii. 3.
Hereby do you know that we know Him, if we keep His
commandments.
To know God and Christ, in Scripture language,
seems to mean, to live imder the conviction of His
presence, vrho is to our bodily eyes unseen. It is,
in fact, to have faith, according to St. Paul's ac-
count of faith, as the substance and evidence of
what is invisible. Jt is faith, but not faith such as
a Heathen might have, but Gospel faith ; for only
in the Gospel has God so revealed Himself, as to
allow of that kind of faith which may be called,
in a special manner, knowledge. The faith of
Heathens was blind ; it was more or less a moving
forward in the darkness, with hand and foot; —
therefore the Apostle says, " if haply they might /eel
after Him '." But the Gospel is a manifestation, and
' Acts xvii. 27.
Seem. XIV.] SAVING KNOWLEDGE. 171
therefore addressed to the eyes of our mind. Faith
is the same principle as before, but with the opportu-
nity of acting through a more certain and satisfac-
tory sense. We recognise objects by the eye at
once ; but not by the touch. We know them when
we see them, but scarcely till then. Hence it is,
that the New Testament says so much on the sub-
ject of spiritual knowledge. For instance, St. Paul
prays that the Ephesians may receive " the spirit
of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of
Christ, the eyes of their understanding being en-
lightened;" and he says, that the Colossians had
" put on the new man, which is renewed in
knowledge, after the image of Him that created
him." St. Peter, in like manner, addresses his
brethren with the salutation of " Grace and
peace, through the knowledge of God, and of Jesus
our Lord ;" according to the declaration of our Lord
Himself, " This is life eternal, to know Thee, the only
true God, and Jesus Christ whom Thou hast sent \"
Not of course as if Christian faith had not still
abundant exercise for the other senses (so to call
them) of the soul ; but that the eye is its peculiar
sense, by which it is distinguished from the faith of
Heathens, nay, I may add, of Jews.
It is plain what is the Object of spiritual sight
which is vouchsafed us in the Gospel, — " God mani-
fest in the Flesh." He who was before unseen has
' Eph. i. 17, 18. Col. iii. 10. 2 Pet. i. 2. John xvii. 3.
172 EASTER MONDAY. [Serm.
shown himself in Christ ; not merely displayed His
glory, as (for instance) in what is called a provi-
dence, or visitation, or in miracles, or in the actions
and character of inspired men, but really He Him-
self has come upon earth, and has been seen of men
in human form. In the same kind of sense, in
which we should say we saw a servant of His,
Apostle or prophet, though we could not see his
soul, so man has seen the Invisible God ; and we
have the history of His sojourn among His crea-
tures in the Gospels.
To know God is life eternal, and to believe in
the Gospel manifestation of Him is to know Him ;
but how are we to " know -that we know Him ?"
How are we to be sure that we are not mistaking
some dream of our own for the true and clear Vi-
sion ? How can we tell we are not like gazers upon
a distant prospect through a misty atmosphere, who
mistake one object for another? The text answers
us clearly and intelligibly ; though some Christians
have recourse to other proofs of it, or will not have
patience to ask themselves the question. They say
they are quite certain that they have true faith ;
for faith carries with it its own evidence, and ad-
mits of no mistaking, the true spiritual conviction
being unlike all others. On the other hand, St. i
John says, " Hereby do we know that we know I
Him, if we keep His commandments." Obedience
is the test of Faith.
Thus the whole duty and work of a Christian is
XIV] SAVING KNOWLEDGE. 173
made up of these two parts, Faith and Obedience ;
" looking unto Jesus," the Divine Object as well as
Author of our faith, and acting according to His
will. Not as if a certain frame of mind, certain
notions, affections, feelings, and states, were not a
necessary condition of a saving state ; but so it is,
the Apostle does not insist upon it, as if it were
sure to follow, if our hearts do but grow into these
two chief contemplations, the view of God in Christ,
and the diligent aim to obey Him in our conduct.
I conceive that we are in danger, in this day, of
insisting on neither of these as we ought ; regarding
all true and careful consideration of the Object of
faith, as barren orthodoxy, technical subtlety, and
the like, and all due earnestness about good works
as a mere cold and formal morality ; and, instead,
making religion, or rather (for this is the point)
making the test of our being religious, to consist in
our having what is called a spiritual state of heart, to
the comparative neglect of the Object from which it
must arise, and the works in which it should issue.
At this season, when we are especially engaged in
considering the full triumph and manifestation of
our Lord and Saviour, when He was " declared to
be the Son of ^God with power, by the resurrection
from the dead," it may be appropriate to make some
remarks on an error, which goes far to deprive us
of the benefit of His condescension.
St. John speaks of knowing Christ and of keep-
ing His commandments, as the two great depart-
174 EASTER MONDAY. [Serm.
ments of religious duty and blessedness. To know
Christ is, (as I have said,) to discern the Father of
all, as manifested through His Only-begotten Son
Incarnate. In the natural world we have glimpses,
frequent and startling, of His glorious Attributes ;
of His power, wisdom, and goodness, of His holi-
ness, His fearful judgments. His long remembrance
of evil. His long-suffering towards sinners, and His
strange encompassing mercy, when we least looked
for it. But to us mortals, who live for a day, and
see but an arm's length, such disclosures are like
reflections of a prospect in a broken mirror ; they
do not enable us in any comfortable sense to know
God. They are such as faith may use indeed, but
hardly enjoy. This then was one among the bene-
fits of Christ's coming, that the Invisible God was
then revealed in the form and history of man,
revealed in those respects in which sinners most
required to know Him, and nature spoke least dis-
tinctly, as a Holy, yet Merciful Governor of His
creatures. And thus the Gospels, which contain the
memorials of this wonderful grace, are our principal
treasures. They may be called the text of the Re-
velation ; and the Epistles, especially St. Paul's,
are as comments upon it, unfolding and illustrating
it in its various parts, raising history into doctrine,
ordinances into sacraments, detached words or ac-
tions into principles, and thus every where dutifully
preaching His Person, work, and will. St. John is
both Prophet and Evangelist, recording and com-
1
XIV.] SAVING KNOWLEDGE. 175
meriting on the Ministry of his Lord. Still, in
every case, He is the chief Prophet of the Church,
and His Apostles do but explain His words and ac-
tions ; according to His own account of the guid-
ance promised to them, that it should "glorify"
Him. The like service is ministered to Him by the
Creeds and doctrinal expositions of the early
Church, which we retain in our Services. They
speak of no ideal being, such as the imagination
alone contemplates, but of the very Son of God,
whose life is recorded in the Gospels. Thus every
part of the Dispensation tends to the manifestation
of Him, who is its centre.
Turning from Him to ourselves, we find a short
rule given us, " If ye love Me, keep My com-
mandments." " He that saith he abideth in Him,
ought himself also so to walk, even as He walked."
" If ye then be risen with Christ, seek those things
which are above, where Christ sitteth on the riofht
hand of God '." This is all that is put upon us,
difficult indeed to perform, but easy to understand ;
all that is put upon us, — and for this plain reason,
because Christ has done every thing else. He has
freely chosen us, died for us, regenerated us, and
now ever liveth for us ; what remains ? Simply that
we should do as He has done to us, showing forth
His glory by good works. Thus a correct, or (as
we commonly call it,) an orthodox faith and an
• John xiv. 15. 1 John ii. 6. Col. iii. 1.
176 EASTER MONDAY. [Sekm.
obedient life, is the whole duty of man. And so,
most surely, it has ever been accounted. Look
into the records of the early Church, or into the
writings of our own revered Bishops and Teachers,
and see whether this is not the sum total of re-
ligion, according to the symbols of it in which
children are catechized, the Creed, the Lord's
Prayer, and the Ten Commandments.
However, it is objected that such a view of reli-
gious duty encourages self-deception ; that a man
who does no more than believe aright, and keep
God's commandments, is what is called a formalist ;
that his heart is not interested in the matter, his
affections remain unrenewed ; and that till a
change takes place there, all the faith and all the
obedience which mind can conceive, are but exter-
nal, and avail nothing; that to his heart therefore
we must make our appeal, that we must bid him
search himself, examine his motives, look narrowly
lest he rest upon himself, and be sure that his feel-
ings and thoughts are spiritual before he takes to
himself any comfort. The merits of this view of
religion shall be considered hereafter ; at present,
let us take it merely in the light of an objection to
what has been already stated. I ask then in reply,
how is a man to know that his motives and affections
are right except by their fruits ? Can they possibly
be their own evidence ? Are they like colours, which
a man knows at once without test or calculation ?
Is not every feeling and opinion, of one colour or
XIV.] SAVING KNOWLEDGE. 177
another, fair or unpleasant, in each man's own
judgment, according to the centre light which is set
up in his soul ? Is not the light that is in a man
sometimes even darkness, sometimes twilight, and
sometimes of this hue or that, tinging every part
of himself with its own peculiarity? How then
is it possible that a man can duly examine his feel-
ings and affections by the light within him? how
can he accurately decide upon their character,
whether Christian or not? It is necessary then
that he go out of himself in order to assay and
ascertain the nature of the principles which govern
him ; that is, he must have recourse to his works,
and compare them with Scripture, as the only
evidence to himself, whether or not his heart is
perfect with God. It seems, therefore, that the
proposed inquiry into the workings of a man's mind
means nothing at all, comes to no issue, leaves us
where it found us ; unless we adopt the notion,
(which is seldom however openly maintained,) that
religious faith is its own evidence.
On the other hand, deeds of obedience are an
intelligible evidence, nay, the sole evidence pos-
sible, and, on the whole, a satisfactory evidence of
the reality of our faith. I do not say, that this or
that good work tells any thing ; but a course of
obedience says much. Various deeds done in dif-
ferent departments of duty, support and attest each
other. Did a man act merely a bold and firm part,
he would have cause to say to himself, " perhaps
VOL. II. N
178 EASTER-MONDAY. [Serm.
all this is mere pride and obstinacy." Were he
merely yielding and forgiving, — ^he might be indulg-
ing a natural indolence of mind. Were he merely
industrious, — this might consist with ill-temper, or
selfishness. Did he merely fulfil the duties of his
temporal calling, — he would have no proof that he
had given his heart to God at all. Were he merely
regular at Church and Holy Communion, — many a
man is such who has a lax conscience, who is not
scrupulously fair-dealing, or is censorious, or nig-
gardly. Is he what is called a domestic character,
amiable, affectionate, fond of his family ? let him
beware lest he put wife and children in the place
of God who gave them. Is he only temperate,
sober, chaste, correct in his language? it may arise
from mere dulness and insensibility, or may consist
with spiritual pride. Is he cheerful and obliging ?
it may arise from youthful spirits and ignorance of
the world. Does he choose his friends by a strictly
orthodox rule ? he may be harsh and uncharitable ;
or, is he zealous and serviceable in defending the
Truth ? still he may be unable to condescend to
men of low estate, to rejoice with those who rejoice,
and to weep vdth those who weep. No one is
without some good quality or other ; Balaam had
a scruple about misrepresenting God's message,
Saul was brave, Joab was loyal, the Bethel Pro-
phet reverenced God's servants, the witch of Endor
was hospitable; and therefore, of course, no one
good deed or disposition is the criterion of a spiritual !
XIV.] SAVING KNOWLEDGE. 179
mind. Still, on the other hand, there is no one of
its characteristics which has not its appropriate out-
ward evidence ; and, in proportion as these exter-
nal acts are multiplied and varied, so does the
evidence of it become stronger and more consoling.
General conscientiousness is the only assurance we
can have of possessing it; and at this we must
aim, determining to obey God consistently, with a
jealous carefulness about all things, little and great.
This is, in Scripture language, to " serve God with
a perfect heart;" as you will see at once, if you
compare the respective reformations of Jehu and
Josiah. As far then as a man has reason to hope
that he is consistent, so far may he humbly trust
that he has true faith. To be consistent, to
" walk in all the ordinances of the Lord blameless,"
is his one business; still, all along looking reve-
rently towards the Great Objects of faith, the
Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, Three Per-
sons, One God, and the Son Incarnate, for our sal-
vation. Certainly he will have enough to direct
his course by, with God in his eye, and his work in
his hand, though he forbear curious experiments
about his sensations and emotions; and, if it be
objected that an evidence from works is but a cold
comfort, as being at best but faint and partial, I
reply, that after all, it is more than sinners have a
right to ask, — that if it be little at first, it grows
with our growth in grace, — and, moreover, that such
an evidence, more than any other, throws us in
N 2
180 EASTER-MONDAY. [Serm.
faith upon the loving-kindness and meritorious suf-
ferings of our Saviour. Surely, even our best doings
have that taint of sinfulness pervading them, which
will remind us ever, while we regard them, where
our True Hope is lodged. Men are satisfied with
themselves, not when they attempt, but when they
neglect the details of duty. Disobedience blinds
the conscience ; obedience makes it keen-sighted
and sensitive. The more we do, the more we shall
trust in Christ ; and, that surely is no morose doc-
trine, which, after giving us whatever evidence of
our safety can be given, leads us to soothe our
selfish restlessness, and forget our fears in the vision
of the Incarnate Son of God.
Lastly, it may be objected, that, since many
deeds of obedience are themselves acts of the mind,
to do them well we must necessarily examine our
feelings; that we cannot pray, for instance, with-
out reflecting on ourselves as we use the words of
prayer, and keeping our thoughts upon God ; that
we cannot repress anger or impatience, or cherish
loving and forgiving thoughts, without searching
and watching: ourselves. But such an arofument
rests on a misconception of what I have been say-
ing. All I would maintain is, that our duty lies in
acts, — acts, of course of every kind, acts of the mind,
as well as of the tongue, or of the hand ; but any
how it lies mainly in acts ; it does not directly lie
in moods or feelings. He who aims at praying well,
loving sincerely, disputing meekly, as the respec-
XIV.] SAVING KNOWLEDGE. 181
tive duties occur, is wise and religious; but he
who aims vaguely and generally at being in a
spiritual frame of mind, is entangled in a deceit of
words, which gain a meaning only by being made
mischievous. Let us do our duty as it presents
itself; this is the secret of true faith and peace.
We have power over our deeds, under God's grace ;
we have no direct power over our habits. Let us
but secure our actions, as God would have them,
and our habits will follow. Suppose a religious man,
for instance, in the society of strangers ; he takes
things as they come, discourses naturally, gives his
opinion soberly, and does good according to each
opportunity of good. His heart is in his work, and
his thoughts rest without effort on his God and
Saviour. This is the way of a Christian ; he leaves
it to the ill-instructed to endeavour after a (so
called) spiritual frame of mind amid the bustle of
life, which has no existence except in attempt and
profession. True spiritual-mindedness is unseen by
man, like the soul itself, of which it is a quality ;
and as the soul is known by its operations, so it is
known by its fruits.
I will add too that the office of self-examination
lies rather in detecting what is bad in us than in
ascertaining what is good. No harm can follow
from contemplating our sins, so that we keep Christ
before us, and attempt to overcome them ; such a
review of self, will but lead to repentance and faith.
And while it does this, it will undoubtedly be
182 EASTER- MONDAY. [Serm. XIV.
moulding our hearts into a higher and more heavenly
state; but still indirectly, — -just as the mean is
attained in action or art, not by directly contem-
plating and aiming at it, but negatively, by avoiding
extremes.
To conclude, the essence of Faith is to look
out of ourselves ; now, consider what manner of a
believer he is, who imprisons himself in his own
thoughts, and rests on the workings of his own
mind, and thinks of his Saviour as an idea of his
imagination, instead of putting self aside, and living
upon Him who speaks in the Gospels.
So much then, by way of suggestion, upon the
view of Religious Faith, which has ever been re-
ceived in the Church Catholic, and which, doubt-
less, is saving. To-morrow, I propose, to speak
more particularly of that other system, to which
these latter times have given birth.
^^sU Mil
1
SERMON XV.
TUESDAY IN EASTER WEEK.
SELF-CONTEMPLATION.
Hebrews xii. 2.
Looking unto Jesus, the Author and Finisher of our faith.
Surely it is our duty ever to look off ourselves, and
to look unto Jesus ; that is, to shun the contempla-
tion of our own feelings, emotions, frame, and state
of mind, as if it were the main business of religion,
and to leave these mainly to be secured in their
fruits. Some remarks were made yesterday upon
this " more excellent" and Scriptural way of con-
ducting ourselves, as it has ever been received in
the Church ; now let us consider the merits of the
rule for holy living, which the fashion of this day
would substitute for it.
Instead of looking off to Jesus, and thinking little
of ourselves, it is at present thought necessary
among the mixed multitude of religionists, to exa-
mine the heart, with a view of ascertaining whether
it is in a spiritual state or no. A spiritual frame
\
184 EASTER TUESDAY. [Serm.
of mind is considered to be one in which the
heinousness of sin is perceived, our utter worthless-
ness, the impossibility of our saving ourselves, the
necessity of some Saviour, the sufficiency of our
Lord Jesus Christ to be that Saviour, the un-
bounded riches of His love, the excellence and
glory of His work of Atonement, the freeness and
fulness of His grace, the high privilege of commu-
nion with Him in prayer, and the desirableness of
walking with Him in all holy and loving obe-
dience ; all of them solemn truths, too solemn to
be lightly mentioned, but our hearty reception of
which is scarcely ascertainable by a direct inspec-
tion of our feelings. Moreover, if one doctrine
must be selected above the rest as containing the
essence of the truths, which, (according to this
system,) are thus vividly understood by the spiri-
tual Christian, it is that of the necessity of renounc-
ing our own righteousness for the righteousness
provided by our Lord and Saviour ; which is con-
sidered, not as an elementary and simple principle,
(as it really is,) but as rarely and hardly acknow-
ledged by any man, especially repugnant to a
certain (so-called) pride of heart, which is supposed
to run through the whole race of Adam, and to lead
every man instinctively to insist even before God
on the proper merits of his good deeds ; so that, to
trust in Christ, is not merely the work of the Holy
Spirit, (as all good in our souls is,) but, is the espe-
cial and critical event which marks a marr, as issu-
XV.] SELF-CONTEMPLATION. 185
iug from darkness, and sealed unto the privileges
and inheritance of the sons of God. In other
words, the doctrine of Justification by Faith, is
accounted to be the one cardinal point of the
Gospel ; and it is in vain to admit it readily as a
clear Scripture truth (which it is,) and to attempt
to go on unto perfection : the very wish to pass for-
ward is interpreted into a wish to pass over it, and
the test of believing it at all, is in fact to insist upon
no doctrine but it. And this peculiar mode of
inculcating that great doctrine of the Gospel, is a
proof, (if that were wanting,) that the persons who
adopt it are not solicitous even about it on its own
score merely, considered as (what is called) a
dogma, but as ascertaining and securing (as they
hope) a certain state of heart. For, not content
with the simple admission of it on the part of an-
other, they proceed to divide faith into its kinds,
living and dead, and to urge against him, that the
Truth may be held in a carnal and unrenewed
mind, and that men may speak without real feel-
ings and convictions. Thus it is clear they do
not contend for the doctrine of Justification as a
truth external to the mind, or article of faith, any
more than for the doctrine of the Trinity. On the
other hand, since they use this same language
about dead and living faith, however exemplary the
life and conduct be of the individual under their
review, they as plainly show that neither are the
fruits of righteousness in their system an evidence
186 EASTER TUESDAY. [Serm.
of spiritual-miiidedness, but that a something is to
be sought for in the frame of mind itself. All this
is not stated at present by way of objection, but in
order to settle accurately what they mean to main-
tain. So now we have the two views of doctrine
clearly before us : — the ancient and universal
teaching of the Church, insisting on the Objects
and fruits of faith, and considering the spiritual
character of that faith itself sufficiently secured, if
these are as they should be ; and the method, now
in esteem, attempting instead to secure directly and
primarily that " mind of the Spirit," which may
savingly receive the truths, and fulfil the obedience
of the Gospel. That such a spiritual temper is
indispensable, is agreed on all hands. The simple
question is, whether it is formed by the Holy Spirit
immediately acting upon our minds, or, on the other
hand, by our own particular acts, (whether of faith
or obedience,) prompted, guided, and prospered by
Him; whether it is ascertainable otherwise than
by its fruits ; whether such frames of mind as are
directly ascertainable and profess to be spiritual, are
not rather a delusion, a mere excitement, capricious
feeling, fanatic fancy, and the like. — So much then
by way of explanation.
1. Now, in the first place, this modem system
certainly does disparage the revealed doctrines of
the Gospel, however its more moderate advocates
may think from admitting it. Considering a cer-
tain state of heart to be the main thing to be aimed
XV.] SELF-CONTEMPLATION. l87
at, they avowedly make the Truth as it is in Jesus,
the definite Creed of the Church, second in their
teaching and profession. They will defend them-
selves indeed from the appearance of undervaluing
it, by maintaining, that the existence of right reli-
gious affections is a security for sound views of doc-
trine. And this is abstractedly true ; — but not true
in the use they make of it : for they unhappily
conceive that they can ascertain in each other the
presence of these affections, and when they find
men possessed of them, (as they conceive,) yet not
altogether orthodox in their belief, then they relax
a little, and argue that an admission of (what they
call) the strict and technical niceties of doctrine,
whether about the Consubstantiality of the Son or
the Hypostatic Union, is scarcely part of the defi-
nition of a spiritual believer. In order to support
this position, they lay it down as self-evident, that
the main purpose of revealed doctrine is to affect the
heart, — that that which does not seem to affect it,
does not affect it, — that what does not affect it is un-
necessary,— and that the circumstance that this or
that person's heart seems rightly affected, is a suffi-
cient warrant that such Articles as he may happen to
reject may be universally rejected, or at least are only
accidentally important. Such principles, when once
become familiar to the mind, induce a certain dis-
proportionate attention to the doctrines connected
with the work of Christ, in comparison of those
which relate to His Person, from their more imme-
188 EASTER TUESDAY. [Sbhm.
diately interesting and exciting character ; and carry
on the more speculative and philosophical class to
view the doctrines of Atonement and Sanctification
as the essence of the Gospel, and to advocate them
in the place of those " Heavenly Things" altogether,
vrhich, as theologically expressed, they have already
assailed ; and of which they now openly complain
as mysteries for bondsmen, not Gospel consolations.
The last and most miserable stage of this false wis-
dom, is to deny that in matters of doctrine there is
any one sense of Scripture such, that it is true and
all others false ; to make the Gospel of Truth (so
far) a revelation of words and a dead letter ; to
consider that inspiration speaks merely of divine
operations, not of Persons ; and that that is truth
to each, which each man thinks to be true, so that
one man may say that Christ is God, another deny
His pre-existence, yet each have received the Truth
according to the peculiar constitution of his own
mind, the Scripture doctrine having no real inde-
pendent substantive meaning. Thus the system
under consideration tends legitimately to obliterate
the great Objects brought to light in the Gospel,
and to darken what I called yesterday the eye of
faith ; to throw us back into the vagueness of
Heathenism, when men only felt after the Divine
Presence ; and thus to frustrate the design of
Christ's incarnation so far as it is a manifestation
of the Unseen Creator.
2. On the other hand, the necessity of obedience
XV.] SELF-CONTEMPLATION. 189
in order to salvation does not suffer less from the
upholders of this modern system than the articles of
the Creed. They argue, and truly, that if faith is
living, works must follow ; but mistaking a follow-
ing in order of conception for a following in order of
time, they conclude that faith ever comes first, and
works afterwards ; and therefore, that faith must
first be secured, and that by some means in which
works have no share. Thus, instead of viewing
works as the concomitant development and evi-
dence, and instrumental cause, as well as the sub-
sequent result of faith, they lay all the stress upon
the direct creation, in their minds, of faith and
spiritual-mindedness, which they consider to consist
in certain emotions and desires, because they can
form abstractedly no better or truer notion of those
qualities. Then, instead of being " careful to main-
tain good works," they proceed to take it for
granted, that since they have attained faith, (as they
consider,) works will follow without their trouble as
a matter of course. Thus the wise are taken in
their own craftiness ; they attempt to reason, and
are overcome by sophisms. Had they kept to the
Inspired Record, instead of reasoning, their way
would have been clear ; and, considering the serious
exhortations to keeping God's commandments, with
which all Scripture abounds, from Genesis to the
Apocalypse, is it not a very grave question which
the most charitable among Churchmen must put to
himself, whether these random expounders of the
190 EASTER TUESDAY. [Serm.
Blessed Gospel are not risking a participation in
the woe denounced against those who preach any
other doctrine besides that delivered unto us, or who
" take away from the words of the Book" of
revealed Truth ?
3. But still more evidently do they fall into this
last imputation, when we consider how they are
obliged to treat the Sacred Volume altogether, in
order to support the system they have adopted. Is
it too much to say that, instead of attempting to
harmonize Scripture with Scripture, much less re-
ferring to Antiquity to enable them to do so, they
either drop altogether, or explain away whole por-
tions of the Bible, and those most sacred ones?
How does the authority of the Psalms stand with
their opinions, except at best by a forced figurative
interpretation ? And our Lord's discourses in the
Gospels, especially the Sermon on the Mount, are
they not virtually considered as chiefly important
to the persons immediately addressed, and of infe-
rior instructiveness to us now that the Spirit (as it
is profanely said) is come ? In short, is not the rich
and varied Revelation of our merciful Lord practi-
cally reduced to a few chapters of St. Paul's Epistles,
whether rightly (as they maintain) or (as we would
say) perversely understood ? If then the Romanists
have added to the word of God, is it not undeniable
that there is a school of religionists among us who
have taken from it ?
4. I would remark, that the immediate tendency
1
XV.] SELF-CONTEMPLATION. 191
of these opinions is to undervalue ordinances as well
as doctrines. The same argument evidently applies ;
for, if the renewed state of heart is (as it is sup-
posed) attained, what matter whether Sacraments
have or have not been administered ? The notion
of invisible grace and invisible privileges is, on this
supposition, altogether superseded ; that of commu-
nion with Christ is limited to the mere exercise of
the affections in prayer and meditation, to sensible
effects ; and he who considers he has already gained
this one essential gift of grace (as he calls it,) may
plausibly inquire, after the fashion of the day, why
he need wait upon ordinances which he has antici-
pated in his religious attainments, — which are means
to an end, which he has not to seek, even if they be
not outward forms altogether, — and whether Christ
will not accept at the last day all who believe,
without inquiring if they were members of the
Church, or were confirmed, or were baptized, or re-
ceived the blessing of mere men who are " earthen
vessels."
5. The foregoing remarks go to show the utterly
unevangelical character of the system in question ;
unevangelic in the full sense of the word, whether
by the Gospel be meant the inspired document of
it, or the doctrines brought to light through it, or
the Sacramental Institutions which are the gift of
it, or the theology which interprets it, or the Cove-
nant which is the basis of it. A few words shall
now be added, to show the inherent mischief of the
192 EASTER TUESDAY. [Serm.
system as such ; which I conceive to he in its
necessarily involving a continual self-contemplation
and reference to self in all departments of conduct.
He who aims at attaining sound doctrine or right
practice, more or less looks out of himself; whereas,
in labouring after a certain frame of mind, there is
an habitual reflex action of the mind upon itself.
That this is really involved in the modern system,
is evident from the very doctrine principally insisted
on by it ; for, as if it were not enough for a man to
look up simply to Christ for salvation, it is declared
to be necessary that he should be able to recognise
this in himself, that he should define his own state
of mind, confess he is justified by faith alone, and
explain what is meant by that confession. Now, the
truest obedience is indisputably that, which is done
from love of God, without narrowly measuring the
maofnitude or nature of the sacrifice involved in it.
He who has learned to give names to his thoughts
and deeds, to appraise them as if for the market, to
attach to each its due measure of commendation or
usefulness, will soon involuntarily corrupt his mo-
tives by pride or selfishness. A sort of self-appro-
bation will insinuate itself into his mind ; so subtle
as not at once to be recognised by himself, — an
habitual quiet self-esteem, leading him to prefer his
own views to those of others, and a secret, if not
avowed persuasion, that he is in a different state
from the generality of those around him. This is
an incidental, though of course not a necessary evil
XV.] SELF-CONTEMPLATION. 193
of religious journals ; nay, of such compositions as
Ministerial duties involve. They lead those who
write them in so^ie respect or other to a contem-
plation of self. Moreover, as to religious journals,
useful as they often are, at the same time, I believe
persons find great difficulty, while recording their
feelings, in banishing the thought that one day
these good feelings will be known to the world, and
are thus insensibly led to modify and prepare their
language as if for a representation. Seldom indeed
is any one in the practice of contemplating his better
thoughts or doings, without proceeding to display
them to others ; and hence it is, that it is so easy to
discover a conceited man. When this is encouraged
in the sacred province of religion, it produces a cer-
tain unnatural solemnity of manner, arising from a
wish to be, nay, to appear spiritual; which is at
once very painful to beholders, and surely quite at
variance with our Saviour's rule of anointing our
head and washing our face, even when we are most
self-abased in heart. Another mischief arising from
this self-contemplation is the peculiar kind of selfish-
ness (if I may use so harsh a term,) which it will be
found to foster. They who make self instead of
their Maker the great object of their contempla-
tion, will naturally exalt themselves. Without
denying that the glory of God is the great end to
which all things are to be referred, they will be led
to connect indissolubly His glory with their own cer-
tainty of salvation ; and this partly accounts for its
VOL. II. o
194 EASTER TUESDAY. [Serm.
being so common to find rigid predestinarian views,
and the ea^clusive maintenance of justification by
Faith in the same persons. And for the same rea-
son, the Scripture doctrines relative to the Church
and its offices will be unpalatable to such religion-
ists; no one thing being so irreconcileable with
another, as the system which makes a man's thoughts
centre in himself, with that which directs them to a
fountain of grace and truth, on which God has made
him dependent.
And as self-confidence and spiritual pride are the
legitimate results of these opinions in one set of
persons, so in another they lead to a feverish anxiety
about their religious state and prospects, and fears
lest they are under the reprobation of their All-
merciful Saviour. It need scarcely be said that a
contemplation of self is a frequent attendant, and
a frequent precursor of a deranged state of the
mental powers.
To conclude. — It must not be supposed from the
foregoing remarks, that I am imputing all the con-
sequences enumerated to every one who holds the
main doctrine from which they legitimately follow.
Many men zealously maintain principles which they
never follow out in their own minds, or after a time
silently discard, except as far as words go ; but
which are sure to receive a full development in the
history of any school or party of men which adopts
them. Considered thus, as the characteristics of a
school, the principles in question are doubtless
XV.] SELF-CONTEMPLATION. 195
antichristian ; for they destroy all positive doctrine,
all ordinances, all good works, they foster pride, in-
vite hypocrisy, discourage the weak, and deceive
most fatally, while they profess to be the especial
antidotes to self-deception. We have seen these
effects of them two centuries since in the history of
the English Branch of the Church ; for what we
know, a more fearful triumph is still in store for
them. But, however that may be, let not the
watchmen of Jerusalem fail to give timely warning
of the approaching enemy, or to acquit themselves
of all cowardice or compliance as regards it. Let
them prefer the Old Commandment, as it has been
from the beginning, to any novelties of man ; re-
collecting Christ's words, " Blessed is he that
watcheth, and keepeth his garments, lest he walk
naked, and they see his shame ^" ^
* Rev. xvi. 15.
fv
o2
SERMON XVI.
IHE FEAST OF ST. MARK, THE EVANGELIST.
RELIGIOUS COWARDICE.
Hebrews xii. 12.
Lift up the hands which hang down, and the feeble knees.
The chief points of St. Mark's history are these : —
first, that he was sister's-son to Barnabas, and taken
with him and St. Paul on their first apostolical
journey ; next, that after a short time he deserted
them, and returned to Jerusalem ; next, that after
an interval, he was St. Peter's assistant at Rome,
and composed his Gospel there principally from the
accounts which he received from that Apostle;
lastly, that he was sent by him to Alexandria, in
Egypt, where he founded one of the strictest and
most powerful churches of the primitive times.
The points of contrast in his history are as fol-
lows : — that first he abandoned the cause of the
Gospel as soon as danger appeared ; afterwards, he
proved himself, not merely an ordinary Christian,
Serm. XVI.] RELIGIOUS COWARDICE. 197
but a most resolute and exact servant of God, found-
ing and ruling that strictest Church of Alexandria.
And the means of this change were, as it appears,
the influence of St. Peter, a fit restorer of a timid
and backsliding disciple.
The encouragement which we derive from these
circumstances in St. Mark's history, is, that the
feeblest among us may through God's grace become
strong. And the warning to be drawn from it is,
to distrust ourselves ; and again, not to despise weak
brethren, or to despair of them, but to bear their
burdens and help them forward, if so be we may
restore them. Now, let us attentively consider the
subject thus brought before us.
Some men are naturally impetuous and active ;
others love quiet and readily yield. The over-
earnest must be sobered, and the indolent must be
roused. The history of Moses supplies us with an
instance of a proud and rash spirit, tamed down to
an extreme gentleness of deportment. In the great-
ness of the change wrought in him, when from a
fierce, though honest, avenger of his brethren, he
became the meekest of men on the earth, he evi-
dences the power of faith, the influence of the Spirit
on the heart. St. Mark's history affords a specimen
of the other, and still rarer change, from timidity
to boldness. Difficult, as it is, to subdue the more
violent passions, yet I believe it to be still more
difficult to overcome a tendency to sloth, cowardice,
and despondency. These evil dispositions cling
198 ST. MARK. [Serm.
about a man, and weigh him down. They are
minute chains, binding him on every side to the
earth, so that he cannot even turn himself or make
an effort to rise. It would seem as if right principles
had yet to be planted in the indolent mind ; where-
as violent and obstinate tempers had already some-
thing of the nature of firmness and zeal in them,
or rather what will become so with care, exercise,
and God's blessing. Besides, the events of life
have a powerful influence in sobering the ardent
or self-confident temper. Disappointments, pain,
anxiety, advancing years, bring with them some
natural wisdom as a matter of course ; and, though
such tardy improvement bespeaks but a weak faith,
yet we may believe that the Holy Ghost often
blesses these means, however slowly and imper-
ceptibly. On the other hand, these same circum-
stances do but increase the defects of the timid and
irresolute ; who are made more indolent, selfish, and
fainthearted by advancing years, and find a sort of
sanction of their unworthy caution in their expe-
rience of the vicissitudes of life.
St. Mark's change, therefore, may be considered
even more astonishing in its nature than that of
the Jewish Lawgiver. " By faith," he was " out of
weakness made strong;" and becomes a memorial
of the more glorious and marvellous gifts of the last
and spiritual Dispensation.
Observe in what St. Mark's weakness lay. There
is a sudden defection, which arises from self-confi-
XVL] RELIGIOUS COWARDICE. 199
dence. Such was St. Peter's. He had trusted too
much to his mere good feelings ; he was honest and
sincere, and he thought that he could do what he
wished to do. How far apart from each other are
to wish and to do ! yet we are apt to confuse thera.
Sometimes indeed earnest desire of an object will
by a sudden impulse surmount difficulties, and
succeed without previous practice. Enthusiasm
certainly does wonders in this way ; just as men of
weakly frames will sometimes from extreme excite-
ment inflict blows of incredible power. And some-
times eagerness sets us on beginning to exert our-
selves ; and, the first obstacles being thus removed,
we go on as a matter of course with comparatively
small labour. All this, being from time to time
witnessed, impresses us with a conviction, unknown
to ourselves, that a sanguine temper is the main
condition of success in any work. And when, in
our lonely imaginings, we fancy ourselves taking a
strenuous part in some great undertaking, or when
we really see others playing the man, so very easy
does heroism seem to be, that we cannot admit the
possibility of our failing, should circumstances call
us to any difficult duty. St. Peter thought that he
could preserve his integrity, because he wished to
do so ; and he fell, from ignorance of the difficulty
of doing what he wished.
In St. Mark's history, however, we have no evi-
dence of self-confidence; rather, we may discern
in it the state of multitudes at the present day,
200 ST. MARK. [Serm.
who proceed through life with a certain sense of
religion on their minds, who have been brought up
well and know the Truth, who acquit themselves
respectably while danger is at a distance, but dis-
grace their profession when brought into any unex-
pected trial. His mother was a woman of influence
among the Christians at Jerusalem ; his mother's
brother, Barnabas, was an eminent Apostle. Doubt-
less he had received a religious education ; and, as
being the friend of Apostles and in the bosom of
the pure Church of Christ, he had the best models
of sanctity before his eyes, the clearest teaching,
the fullest influences of grace. He was shielded
from temptation. The time came when his real
proficiency in faith and obedience was to be tried.
Paul and Barnabas were sent forth to preach to the
Heathen ; and they took Mark with them as an
attendant. First they sailed to Cyprus, the native
place of Barnabas : they travelled about it, and
then crossed over to the main land. This seems to
have been their first entrance upon an unknown
country. Mark was discouraged at the prospect of
danger, and returned to Jerusalem.
Now, who does not see that such a character as
this, such a trial, and such a fall, belong to other
days, besides those of the Apostles ? Or rather, to
put the question to us more closely, who will deny
that there are multitudes in the Church at present,
who have no evidence to themselves of more than
that passive faith and virtue, which in Mark's case
XVI.] RELIGIOUS COWARDICE. 201
proved so unequal even to a slight trial ? Who has
not some misgivings of heart, lest, in times such as
these, when Christian firmness is so little tried, his
own loyalty to his Saviour's cause be perchance no
truer or firmer than that of the sister's-son of a
great Apostle ? When the Church is at peace, as it j
has long been in this country, when public order is
preserved in the community, and the rights of per-
son and property secured, there is extreme danger
lest we judge ourselves by what is without us, not
by what is within. We take for granted we are
Christians, because we have been taught aright,
and are regular in our attendance upon the Chris-
tian ordinances. But, great privilege and duty as
it is to use the means of grace, reading and prayer
are not enough ; nor, by themselves, will they ever
make us real Christians. They will give us right
knowledge and good feelings, but not firm faith
and resolute obedience. Christians, such as Mark,
will abound in a prosperous Church; and, should
trouble come, they will be unprepared for it. They
have so long been accustomed to external peace,
that they do not like to be persuaded, that danger
is at hand. They settle it in their imagination that
they are to live and die undisturbed. They look
at the world's events, as they express it, cheerfully;
and argue themselves into self-deception. Next,
they make concessions, to fulfil their own predic-
tions and wishes; and surrender the Christian
cause, that unbelievers may not commit themselves
to an open attack upon it. Some of them are men
202 ST. MARK. [Serm.
of cultivated and refined taste ; and these shrink
from the rough life of pilgrims, to which they
are called, as something strange and extravagant.
They consider those, who take a simpler view of
the duties and prospects of the Church, to be
enthusiastic, rash, and intemperate, or perverse-
minded. To speak plainly, a state of persecution
is not, (what is familiarly called,) their element;
they cannot breathe in it. Alas ! how different
from the Apostle, who had learned in whatsoever
state he was, therewith to be content, and who was
all things to all men. If then there be times when
we have grown thus torpid from long security, and
are tempted to prefer the treasures of Egypt to the
reproach of Christ, what can we do, what ought
we to do, but to pray God in some way or other
to try the very heart of the Church, and to afflict
us here rather than hereafter? Dreadful as is the
prospect of Satan's temporary triumph, fierce as
are the horsehoofs of his riders, and detestable as
is the cause for which they battle, yet better such
anguish should come upon us than that the recesses
of our heritage should be the hiding-places of a
self-indulgent spirit, and the schools of lukewarm-
ness. May God arise, and shake terribly the earth,
(though it be an awful prayer,) rather than the
double-minded should lie hid among us, and souls
be lost by present ease ! Let Him arise, if there
be no alternative, and chasten us with His sweet
discipline, as our hearts may best bear it ; bring-
ing our sins out in this world, that we be not con-
XVI,] RELIGIOUS COWARDICE.
demned in the day of the Lord, shaming us here,
reproving us by the mouth of His servants, then
restoring us, and leading us on by a better way to
a truer and holier hope ! Let Him winnow us, till
the chaff is clean removed ! though, in thus invok-
ing Him, we know not what we ask, and, feeling
the end itself to be good, yet cannot worthily esti-
mate the fearfulness of that chastisement which we
so freely speak about. Doubtless we do not, cannot
measure the terrors of the Lord's judgments ; we
use words cheaply. Still, it cannot be wrong to
use them, seeing they are the best offering we can
make to God ; and, so that we beg Him the while
to lead us on, and give us strength to bear the trial
according as it opens upon us. So may we issue
Evangelists for timid deserters of the cause of
truth ; speaking the words of Christ, and showing
forth His life and death ; rising strong from our
sufferings, and building up the Church in the
strictness and zeal of those who despise this life
except as it leads to another.
Lastly, let us not, from an excited fancy and a
vain longing after the glories of other days, forget
the advantages which we have. No need to have
the troubles of Apostles in order to attain their
X faith. Even in the quietest times we may rise to
high holiness, if we improve the means given us.
Trials come when we forget mercies ; to remind us
of them, and to fit us to enjoy and use them
^^ suitably. a^v>^^ <^-) hs^c^d^ .
SERMON XVIL
THE FEAST OF ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES, THE
APOSTLES.
THE GOSPEL WITNESSES.
2 Cor. xiii. 1 .
In tlie mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be
established.
It has pleased Almighty God in His great mercy,
to give us accumulated evidence of the truth of
the Gospel ; to send out His Witnesses again and
again, Prophet after Prophet, Apostle after Apostle,
miracle after miracle, that reason might be brought
into captivity, as well as faith rewarded, by the
fulness of His revelations. The double Festival
which we are now celebrating, reminds us of this.
Our Service is this day distinguished by the com-
memoration of two Apostles, who are associated
together in our minds in nothing except in their
being Apostles, in both of them being Witnesses,
separate Witnesses of the life, death, and resurrec-
tion of Christ. Thus this union, however origin-
ating, of the Feast Days of Apostles, who are not
especially connected in Scripture, will serve to
Skum. XVII.] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. ^5
remind us of the diversity and number of the
Witnesses by whom one and the same Sacred Truth
has been delivered to us.
But, further than this. Even the twelve Apo-
stles, many as they were, form not the whole com-
pany of the Witnesses vouchsafed to us. In order
more especially to confirm to us, that the AVord has
really become incarnate, and has sojourned among
men, another distinct Witness is vouchsafed to us
in the person of St. Paul. What could be needed
beyond the preaching of the Twelve ? they all were
attendants upon Christ, they had heard His words,
they had imbibed His Spirit ; and, as agreeing one
and all in the matter of their testimony, they
afforded full evidence to those who required it, that,
though their Master wrote not His Gospel for us
with His own finger, nevertheless we have it whole
and entire. Yet He did more than this. When the
time came for publishing it to the world at large,
while He gradually initiated their minds into the
full graciousness of the New Covenant, as reaching
to Gentile as well as Jew, He raised up to Himself
by direct miracle and inspiration, a fresh and inde-
pendent Witness of it from among His persecutors ;
so that from that time, the Dispensation had (as it
were) a second beginning, and went forward upon a
twofold foundation, the teaching, on the one hand,
of the Apostles of the Circumcision, and of St. Paul
on the other. Two schools of Christian doctrine
forthwith existed ; if I may use the word " school,"
206 ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES. [Serm.
to denote a difference, not of doctrine itself, but of
history, between the Apostles. Of the Gentile
school, were St. Luke, St. Clement, and others,
followers of St. Paul. Of the School of the Cir-
cumcision, St. Peter, and still more, St. John ; St.
James, and we may add, St. Philip. St. James is
known to belong to the latter, in his history as
Bishop of Jerusalem ; and, though little is known
of St. Philip, yet what is known of him, indicates
that he too is to be ranked with St. John, whom
he followed, (as history informs us,) in observing
the Jewish rule of celebrating the Easter Feast,
and not the tradition of St. Peter and St. Paul. I
propose upon this Festival, to set before you some
considerations which arise out of this view of the
Scripture history.
Christianity was, and was not, a new religion,
when first preached to the world; it seemed to
supersede, but it was merely the fulfilment, the
due developement and maturity of the Jewish Law,
which, in one sense, vanished away, in another, was
perpetuated for ever. This need not be proved
here ; I will but refer you, by way of illustration,
to the language of Prophecy, as (for instance) to the
forty-ninth chapter of the Book of Isaiah, in which
the Jewish Church is comforted in her afflictions, by
the promise of her propagation and triumphs (that
is, in her Christian form) among the Gentiles.
" Zion said, The Lord hath forsaken me, and my
Lord hath forgotten me. Can a woman forget her
XVII.] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. 207
sucking child, that she should not have compassion
on the son of her womb ? Yea, they may forget,
yet will I not forget thee .... Lift up thine eyes
round about, and behold; all these gather them-
selves together, and come to thee. As I live, saith
the Lord, thou shalt surely clothe thee with them
all, as with an ornament, and bind them on thee
as a bride doth The children which thou
shalt have, after thou hast lost the other, shall say
again in thine ears. The place is too strait for
me, give place to me that I may dwell. Then
shalt thou say in thine heart. Who hath begotten
me these, seeing I have lost my children, and am
desolate, a captive, and removing to and fro ? ... .
Behold I will lift up Mine hand to the Gentiles,
and set up My standard to the people ; . . and kings
shall be thy nursing-fathers, and their queens thy
nursing-mothers." The Jewish Church, then, was
not superseded, though the Nation was ; it merely
changed into the Christian, and thus was at once the
same, and not the same, as it had been before.
Such being the double aspect of God's dealings
towards His Church, when the time came for His
exhibiting it in its new form as a Catholic, not a
local Institution, He was pleased to make a corres-
ponding change in the internal ministry of the
Dispensation; imposing upon St. Paul the parti-
cular duty of formally delivering and adapting to
the world at large, that Old Essential Truth, the
guardianship of which He had already committed
208 ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES. [Serm.
to St. James and St. John. In consequence of this
accidental difference of office, superficial readers of
Scripture have sometimes spoken as if there were
some real difference between the respective doc-
trines of those favoured Instruments of Providence.
Unbelievers have objected that St. Paul intro-
duced a new religion, such as Jesus never taught ;
and, on the other hand, there are Christians who
maintain, that St. Paul's doctrine is peculiarly the
teaching of the Holy Ghost, and intended to super-
sede both our Lord's recorded words, and those of
His original followers. Now a very remarkable
circumstance it certainly is, that Almighty God has
thus made two beginnings to His Gospel ; and,
when we have advanced far enough in sacred know-
ledge to see how they harmonize together, and con-
cur in that wonderful system, which Primitive
Christianity presents, and which was built on them
both, we shall find abundant matter of praise in
this Providential arrangement. But, at first there
doubtless is something which needs explanation ;
for we see in matter of fact, that different classes
of religionists, do build their respqctive doctrines
upon the one foundation and the other, upon the
Gospels and upon St. Paul's Epistles ; the more
enthusiastic upon the latter, the cold, proud, and
heretical, upon the former ; and though we may be
quite sure that no part of Scripture favours either
coldness or fanaticism, and, in particular, may
zealously repel the impiety, as well as the daring
XVII] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. 209
perverseness, which would find countenance for an
imperfect Creed in the heavenly words of the
Evangelists, yet the very fact that hostile parties
do agree in dividing the New Testament into about
the same two portions, is just enough at first sight
to show that there is some difference or other,
whether in tone or doctrine, which needs account-
ing for.
This state of the case, whether a diflRculty or not,
may, I conceive, any how be turned into an evi-
dence in behalf of the truth of Christianity. Some
few remarks shall here be made to explain my
meaning ; nor is it superfluous to direct attention to
the subject ; for, though points of evidence seldom
avail to the conversion of unbelievers, they are
always edifying and instructive to Christians, as
confirming their faith, and filling them with admira-
tion and praise of God's marvellous works, which
have more and more the stamp of Truth upon
them, the deeper we examine them. This was the
effect produced on the Apostles' minds by their own
miracles, and on the Saints' in the Apocalypse by
the sight of God's judgments ; prompting them to
cry out in awe and thankfulness, " Lord, Thou art
God, which hast made Heaven and earth !" " Great
and marvellous are Thy works, Lord God Al-
mighty ; just and true are thy ways. Thou King of
Saints M"
* Acts iv. 24. Rev. xv. 3.
VOL. II. p
210 ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES. [Serm.
My remark then is simply this ; — that, supposing
an essential unanimity of teaching can be shown to
exist between the respective writings of St. Paul
and his brethren, then the existing difference, what-
ever it is, whether of phraseology of subject, or of
historical origin, in a word, the difference of school,
only makes that agreement the more remarkable,
and after all, only guarantees them as two inde-
pendent Witnesses to the same Truth. Now to
illustrate this argument.
I suppose the points of difference between St.
Paul and the Twelve will be considered to be as fol-
lows : — that St. Paul, on his conversion, " conferred
not with flesh and blood \ neither went up to Jeru-
salem to them which were Apostles before him ;" —
that, on the face of Scripture, there appears some
sort of difference in viewing doctrine between
St. Paul and the original Apostles, that St. Paul on
one occasion " withstood Peter to the face," and
says that "those who seemed to be somewhat"
referring apparently to James and John, " in con-
ference added nothing to him ^" and St. Peter, on
the other hand, observes, that in St. Paul's Epistles
there " are some things hard to be understood,"
while St. James would even seem to qualify St.
Paul's doctrine concerning the pre-eminence of
faith ' ; that St. James, not to mention St. John, was
stationary, having taken on himself a local episco-
' Gal. i. 16, 17. ' Gal. ii. 6. 11.
* 2 Peter iii. 16. James ii. 14—26.
XVI.] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. 211
pate, while St. Paul was subjected to what are now
called missionary labours, and laid the foundation
of churches without undertaking the government of
any of them ; — that St. Paul speaks with especial
earnestness concerning the abolition of the Jewish
Law, and the admission of the Gentiles into the
Church, subjects not prominently put forward by
the other Apostles; — that St. Paul declares dis-
tinctly and energetically, that we are elected to
salvation by God's free grace, and justified by faith *,
and traces out, in the way of system, all Christian
holiness and spiritual mindedness from this begin-
ning ; whereas, St. James says we are justified by
works ^ St. John that we shall be "judged according
to our works," and St. Peter that " the Father judgeth
according to every man's work without respect of
persons'," phrases which are but symbols of the
general character of their own and our Lord's
teaching ; — lastly, that there is more expression of
kindled and active affections towards God and to-
wards man in St. Paul's writings than in those of
his brethren. This is not the place to explain what
needs explaining in this list of contrasts ; nor in-
deed is there any real diflficulty at all (I may say)
in reconciling the one side with the other, where
the heart is right and the judgment fairly clear and
steady. It has often been done most satisfactorily.
But let us take them as they stand, prior to all ex-
' Rom. V. 1. ' Jam. ii. 24. ' Rev. xx. 13. 1 Pet. i. 17.
p2
212 ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES. [Serm.
planation ; let a disputer make the most of them.
So much at least is proved, that St. Paul and St.
James were two independent witnesses (whether
concordant or not) of the gospel doctrines ; which
is abundantly confirmed by all those circumstances
which objectors sometimes enlarge upon, St. Paul's
peculiar education, connexions, and history. Take
these differences at the worst, and then on the
other hand take account of the wonderful agreement
after all in opinion, manner of thought, feeling,
and conduct, nay, in religious vocabulary, between
the two Schools, (as I have called them,) — most
wonderful, considering that the very idea of the
Christian system in all its parts was virtually a new
thing in the particular generation in which it was
promulgated, — and if it does not impress us with
the conviction, that an Unseen Hand, a Divine
Presence, was in the midst of it, controlling the
human instruments of His work, and ruling it that
they should and must agree in speaking His Word,
in spite of whatever differences of natural disposi-
tion and education, surely we may as well deny
the agency of the Creator, His power, wisdom, and
goodness, in the appointments of the material
world. — The following are some instances of the
kind of agreement I speak of.
1. Take the New Testament, as we have re-
ceived it. It deserves notice, that in spite of what
partisans would desire, after all we cannot divide
its contents between the two Schools under conside-
XVII.] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. 213
ration. Admitting there were two principles at
work in the developement of the Christian Church,
they are inextricably united as regards the docu-
ments of faith; so that the modern parties in
question, whether their particular view be right or
wrong, are at least attempting a return to a state
prior to the existence of the New Testament. Con-
sider the Epistle to the Hebrews, — which would be
sufficient evidence, were there no other, of the iden-
tity of St. Paul's doctrine with St. James's. Be as
disputatious as you will about it , author ; still it 5 /
comes at least from the School of St. Paul, if not
from that Apostle himself. The parallelisms be-
tween it and his acknowledged writings, forbid
any other supposition. Now look through it from
beginning to end, observe well its exhortations to
obedience, its warnings against apostacy, its solemn
announcement of the terrors of the Gospel, and
further its honourable treatment of the Jewish Law,
which it sets forth as fulfilled, (after our Saviour's
doctrine,) not disrespectfully superseded by the
Gospel, and then say whether this Epistle alone be
not a wonderful monument of the essential unity of
the Gospel creed among all its original dissemina-
tors. Again, consider the Epistles to Timothy and
Titus, which are confessedly St. Paul's, and try to
discriminate if you can, between the ethical cha-
racter which they display, and that of St. James's
Epistle. Next observe the position of St. Luke's
writings in the inspired volume, an Evangelist fol-
214 ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES. [Serm.
lowing the language of St. Matthew, yet the asso-
ciate of St. Paul. Examine the speeches of St.
Paul in the book of Acts, and consider whether he
is not at once the Apostle of the Gentiles, and the
fellow disciple of those who had attended our Lord's
Ministry \ Consider too the history of St. Peter,
and see whether the revelations made to him in
order to the conversion of Cornelius, do not form a
link between " St. Paul's Gospel" and that of his
earlier brethren. Lastly, count up the particular
parts of St. Paul's writings, in which that Apostle
may be supposed to speak a different doctrine from
the rest, and determine their extent and number.
Are there much more than nine chapters of his
Epistle to the Romans, four of that to the Galatians,
three in the Ephesians, a passage in the Colossians,
and a few verses in the Philippians ? Are there not
in other chapters of these very Epistles clear and
explicit statements, running counter to these sup-
pose peculiarities, agreeing with St. James, and so
protesting (as it were) against those who would put
asunder Apostles whom God has joined together?
These shall be presently instanced; but for the
moment concede the whole of these separate docu-
ments,— yet you cannot make more than five out
of fourteen, which is the whole number of his
Epistles ; and these, however sacred and authori-
tative, are not after all of greater prominence and
* Vid. e. g. Acts xx. 25. xxviii. 31.
1
XVII.] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. 215
dignity than some of the remaining nine. It would
appear then, from the very face of the New Testa-
ment, that the differences between St. Paul's doc-
trine and that of his brethren, (whatever they
were,) admitted of an amalgamation, as far as
Christian Teaching went, from the moment that
office was first exercised in the Church.
2. In the case of the original Apostles, the inten-
tion of delivering and explaining their Divine
Master's teaching cannot be mistaken. Now, of
course, St. Paul, professing to preach Christ's
Gospel, could not but avow such an intention also ;
but it should be noticed, considering that he was
not with our Lord on earth, how he devotes himself
to the sole thought of Him; that is, it would be
remarkable, were not St. Paul divinely chosen and
called, as we believe him to have been. Simon
Magus professed to be a Christian, yet his aim
was that of exalting himself. It was quite pos-
sible for St. Paul to have acknowledged Christ
generally as his Master, and still not practically to
have preached Christ. Yet how full he is of his
Saviour ! He could not be more so, if he had at-
tended Him all through His Ministry. The thought
of Christ is the one thought in which he lives ;
it is the fervent love, .the devoted attachment, the
zeal and reverence of one who had " heard and seen,
and looked upon and handled, the Word of Life '.'*
' Jolmi. 1.
216 ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES. [Serm.
What a remarkable attestation is here to the
Sovereignty of the Unseen Saviour ! What was
Paul, and what was James " but ministers," by
whom the world believed on Him ? They clearly
were nothing beyond this. This is a striking ful-
filment of our Lord's declaration concerning the
ministration of the Spirit ; " He shall glorify Me \"
St. John records it ; St. Paul exemplifies it.
It is remarkable too, how St. Paul concurs with
the other Apostles in referring to our Lord's words
and actions, though much opportunity for this does
not occur in his writings ; that is, it is plain, that
he was not exalting a mere name or idea, any
more than the rest, but a Person, a really existing
Master. For instance, St. John says, " That which
we have seen and heard, declare we unto you ;" and
St. Peter, "Tliis voice which came from heaven
we heard, when we were with Him in the Holy
Mount;" again, "We are witnesses of all things
which He did ^" In like manner St. Paul enume-
rates, as his "Gospel," not mere principles of religion,
but the facts of Christ's life, recurring to that very
part of the Dispensation, in which he was inferior
to his brethren. " I delivered unto you, first of all,
that which I also received, how that Christ died
for our sins according to the Scriptures, . . . was
buried . . . rose again the third day, and that He
' John xvi. 14.
» 1 John i. 3. 2 Pet. i. 18. Acts x. 39.
XVII.] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. 217
was seen of Cephas, then of the Twelve, after that
... of above five hundred brethren at once . . .
after that ... of James, then of all the Apostles ;"
he adds with expressions of self-abasement, " And
last of all. He was seen of me \" Again, in his
directions for administering the Lord's Supper,
he refers carefully to our Lord's manner of ordain-
ing it, as recorded in the Gospels; again, in the
seventh chapter of the same Epistle, there would
seem a repeated reference to our Lord's words in
the Gospel ; " Unto the married I command, yet not
I, but the Lord." In the same chapter the verse
beginning, " This I speak for your own profit," has
been supposed with reason to refer to St. Luke's
account of Martha's complaint of Mary, and our
Lord's speech thereupon. In his first Epistle to
Timothy, he alludes to our Lord's appearance before
Pilate. In his farewell address to the Elders of
Ephesus he has preserved one of His sayings which
the Gospels do not contain ; " It is more blessed to
give than to receive ^" And in the Epistle to the
Hebrews reference is made to Christ's agony in the
garden.
3. The doctrine of the Incarnation, or the Gospel
Economy, as embracing the two great truths of the
Divinity of Christ and the Atonement, was not (as
far as we know) clearly revealed, during our Lord's
ministry. Yet, observe how close is St. Paul's
agreement with St. John. " The Word was with
' 1 Cor. XV. 3—8. ' Acts xx. 35.
gl8 ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES. [Serm.
Grod, and the Word was God, and the Word was
made flesh." — " Christ Jesus, being in the form of
God, thought it not robbery to be equal with
God ; yet humbled HimseL, being made in the
likeness of men." St. John calls Christ " the Only-
begotten Son in the bosom of the Father;" and
St. Paul, " the First-begotten." St. John says,
that He hath " declared the Father," and in His
own sacred words, that " he that hath seen Him,
hath seen the Father ;" St. Paul declares that He
is " the Image of the Invisible God," — " the bright-
ness of His glory, and the express Image of His
Person." St. John says, " All things were made by
Him ;" St. Paul, that " By Him God made the
worlds." Further, St. John says, " The blood of
Jesus Christ cleanseth us from all sin ;" — St. Paul,
that " in Him we have redemption through His
blood, even the forgiveness of sins;" — St. John,
that " if any man sin, we have an Advocate with
the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous ;" — St. Paul,
that He " is even at the right hand of God, and
also maketh intercession for us ;" — St. John, that
" He is the propitiation not for our sins only, but
also for those of the whole world ;" — St. Paul, that
He has " reconciled" Jew and Gentile " in one body
by the cross \"
' John 1. 1. 14. Phil. ii. 5—8. John i. 18. Heb. i. 6.
John i. 18. xiv. 9. Col. i. 15. Heb. i. 3. John i. 3. Heb. i. 2.
1 John 5. Col. i. 14. 1 John ii. 1. Rom. viii. 34. 1 John
ii. 2. Ephes. ii. 16.
XVII.] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. gl9
Now, considering the mysteriousness of these
doctrines, the probability that there would be some
diversity of teaching, in the case of two different
minds, and the actual differences existing among
various sects at the time, I must consider this exact
accordance between St. John and St. Paul, (men to
all appearance as unlike each other by nature as
men could be,) to be little short of a demonstration
of the reality of the divine doctrines to which they
witness. " The testimony of two men is true;" and
still more clearly so in this case, supposing, (what
unbelievers may maintain, but they alone,) that
any rivalry of Schools existed between these Holy
Apostles.
4. To continue our review. St. John and St.
Paul both put forward the doctrine of Regenera-
tion, both connect it with Baptism, both denounce
the world as sinful and lost. They both teach the
peculiar privilege of Christians, as God's adopted
children, and make the grant of this and all other
privileges, depend to faith \ Now the ideas and
the terms employed are peculiar; and, with all
allowance for what might have been anticipated
by former Dispensations and existing Schools of
religion, yet, could it be shown, that ever so much
of this doctrine was already familiar to the Jewish
Church, this does not account for the unanimity
with which they respectively adopt and modify it.
' Johniii. 3—5. 16. 19. 1 John iii. 1. v. 19. Rom.iii. 19.
V. 1, 2. viii. 14, 15. Tit. iii. 5, &c.
220 ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES. [Seum.
I add some parallel texts on this part of the subject.
St. John delivers our Saviour's prediction ; " If I
depart I will send the Comforter unto you ; He will
guide you into all truth ;" — St. Paul, " God hath
revealed (the mysteries of the Gospel) unto us by
His Spirit ;" " All these (gifts) worketh that one
and the self-same Spirit, dividing to every man
severally as He will." St. Paul says, " He which
stablisheth us with you in Christ, and hath anointed
us, is God ;" — St. John, " Ye have an unction from
the Holy One." St. John, in accordance with the
teaching of his Lord, declares, " There is a sin unto
death ; I do not say that a man shall pray for it ;"
and St. Paul, that " it is impossible for those who
were once enlightened, if they shall fall away, to
renew them again unto repentance *."
5. We all recollect St. Paul's praise of charity
as the fulfilling of the Law, and the characteristic
precept of the Gospel. Yet, is not the pre-eminent
importance of it as clearly set forth by St. John,
when he says, " We know that we have passed
from death unto life, because we love the bre-
thren," and the nature of it by St. James in his
description of " the wisdom that is from above?"
Again, it is observable, that our Lord's precept,
adopted from the Law, of loving our neighbour as
ourselves, is handed down at once by St. Paul and
St. James ^
1 Johnxvi. 7. 13. 1 Cor. ii. 10. xii. 11.2 Cor. i. 21. 1 John
ii. 21. V. 16. Heb. vi. 4—6.
* 1 John iii. 14. James iii. 17. Rom. xiii. 9. James ii. 8.
XVII.] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. 231
6. We know that an especial stress is laid by our
Lord on the duty of Almsgiving. St. John and St.
James follow Him in so doing ^ ; and St. Paul like-
wise. That Apostle's words, in the Gralatians, are
especially in point here, as expressly acknowledging
this agreement between himself and his brethren.
" When James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to
be pillars, perceived the grace that was given unto
me, they gave to me and Barnabas the right hands
of fellowship, that we should go unto the heathen,
and they unto the circumcision ; only they would
that we should remember the poor ; the same which I
also wa^ forward to do ^."
7. Self-denial, mortification of life, bearing our
cross, are especially insisted on by Christ. St. Paul
delivers clearly and strongly the same doctrine, de-
claring that he himself was " crucified with Christ,"
and " died daily ^." The duty of Fasting may here
be mentioned, as one in which St. Paul unhesitat-
ingly enters into and enforces our Lord's religious
system.
8. I need not observe how urgent and constant
is St. Paul in his exhortations to Intercession ; yet,
St. James equals him in his short epistle, which
contains a passage longer and more emphatic than
any which can be found in St. Paul *. Again, both
Apostles insist on the practice of sacred Psalmody
^ 1 John iii. 17. James ii. 15, 16. * Gal. ii. 9, 10.
' Gal. ii. 20. 1 Cor. xv. 31.
* Eph. vi. 18. 1 Thes. v. 17. James v. 14—18.
222 ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES. [Serm.
as a duty. St. James, " Is any afflicted ? let him
pray. Is any merry ? let him sing psalms." St. Paul,
" Speaking to each other in psalms, and hymns, and
spiritual songs ^"
9. St. Paul makes much of the Holy Eucharist ;
nay, to him the Church is indebted for the direct
and clear proof we possess of the sacramental
virtue of that Ordinance. Far different is the con-
duct of innovators ; who are impatient of nothing
more than of ordinances which they find esta-
blished. He also recognizes the obligation of the
Lord's day^ he being the Apostle who denounces,
as other Jewish rites, so also the Sabbath.
10. St. Jude bids us " contend earnestly for the
faith once delivered to the Saints." In like man-
ner, St. Paul enjoins Timothy to " hold fast the
form of sound words, which he had heard of him ;"
and Titus, to " hold fast the faithful word as he
had been taught, that he might be able by sound
doctrine both to exhort and to convince the gain-
sayers*." St. Paul bids us " speak the Truth in
love ;" St. John says, he " loves Gains in the
Truth ^"
11. It is observable that our Lord speaks of His
Gospel being preached, not chiefly as a means of
converting, but as a witness against the world.
This is confessedly a remarkable ground to be taken
* James v. 13. Eph. v. 19. ^ Acts xx. 7. 1 Cor. xvi. 2.
' Jude 3. 2 Tim. i. 13. Titus i. 9.
* Eph. iv. 15. 3 John 1.
XVIL] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. 223
by the Founder of a new religion. " The Gospel
of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world,
for a witness unto all nations ^" Accordingly, He
Himself witnessed even before the heathen Pilate,
" To this end was I born, and for this cause came
I into the world, that I should bear witness unto
the Truth ^" Yet, surely it is still more rerhark-
able, that the Apostle of the Gentiles should take
up precisely the same view, even referring to our
Lord's Confession before Pilate, when giving Timo-
thy his charge to preach the Truth, declaring, that
the Gospel is " a savor of death unto death," as
well as " of life unto life," and foretelling the
growth of " evil men and seducers" after his de-
parture ^.
12. Observe the agreement of sentiment in the
following texts : St. James, taught by his Lord and
Master, says, " Be ye doers of the word, and not
hearers only, deceiving your own selves." St. Paul
nearly in the same words, " Not the hearers of the
law are just before God, but the doers of the law
shall be justified*." Again, did we not know
whence the following passages come, should we not
assign them to St. James ? " God will render to
every man according to his deeds ; to them, who
by patient continuance in well-doing, seek for glory,
and honour, and immortality, eternal life; but
Matt. xxiv. 14. xviii. 37. ' John xviii. 37.
" 1 Tim. vi. 13. 2 Cor. ii. 16. 2 Tim. iii. 13.
* James i. 22. Rom. ii. 13.
224 - ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES. [Sf.rm.
unto them that are contentious, and do not obey
the truth, but obey unrighteousness, indignation,
and wrath for there is no respect of per-
sons with God." This, as well as the text just cited,
is to be found in the opening of that Epistle, in
which St. Paul appears most to differ from St.
James ; now observe how he closes it. " Why dost
thou judge thy brother ? And why dost thou set
at nought thy brother ? For we shall all stand before
the judgment-seat of Christ .... Every one of us
shall give account of himself to God." Again, in
another Epistle : " We must all be made manifest
before the judgment-seat of Christ ; that every one
may receive the things done in his body, according
to that he hath done, whether it be good or bad.
Knowing therefore the terror of the Lord, we
persuade men ^"
13. St. John, after our Lord's example, implies
especial praise upon those who follow an unmarried
life, — involving the letter in the spirit, as is fre-
quent in Scripture ^ " These are they which were
' Rom. ii. 6—8. 11. xiv. 10—12. 2 Cor. v. 10, 11.
2 Vide Hos. xiii. 14. John xi. 23. 40. xiii. 8. xviii. 9. And
especially, as being a parallel case. Matt, xviii. 3 — 6, and so
again, Matt. x. 38. Rev. vii. 14. — The parallel is instructively
brought out in separate passages in the Christian Year :
" Yet in that throng of selfish hearts untrue,
Thy sad eye rests upon Thy faithful few,
Children and childlike souls are there," &c. — Advent.
There
XVII.] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. , 225
not defiled with women, for they are virgins ; these
are they which follow the Lamb whithersoever
He goeth." St. Paul gives more direct praise to
the same state, and gives the same reason for its
especial blessedness ; " He that is unmarried careth
for the thinsrs that belono^ to the Lord, how he may
please the Lord I speak this for your own
profit that ye may attend upon the Lord
without distraction \"
14. St. Paul says, " Be careful for nothing, but
in every thing by prayer and supplication with
thanksgiving, let your requests be made known
unto God ;" St. Peter in like manner, " Casting
. . . . " There hangs a radiant coronet,
All gemmed with pure and living light,
Too dazzling for a sinner's sight,
Prepared for virgin souls, and them
Who seek the martyr's diadem.
Nor deem, who, to that bliss aspire,
Must win their way through blood and fire," &c.
Wednesday before Easter.
In other words. Childhood, Virginity, Martyrdom, are made in
Scripture at once the Types and Standards of religious Per-
fection, as they are represented in the three Saints' Days fol-
lowing Christmas Day, — St. Stephen's, St. John's, and Holy
Innocents'. So again, Poverty, Luke vi. 20. xii. 33. Matt. xi.
5., with Matt. v. 3. But this rule of interpretation, and the
light it throws upon Gospel duties and the Christian character,
cannot be more than alluded to in a note.
' Rev. xiv. 4. 1 Cor. vii. 32. 35.
VOL. n. a
. ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES. [Serm.
all your care upon Him, for He caretli for you."
Both are after our Lord's exhortation, " Be not
careful for the morrow, for the morrow shall take
care for the things of itself ^"
15. Lastly, as Christ foretels the approaching
visitations of the Jewish Church, and the neces-
sity of looking out for them, so St. Peter de-
clares, " The end of all things is at hand ; be ye
therefore sober, and watch unto prayer." St. James,
" Be ye also patient, stablish your hearts, for the
coming of the Lord draweth nigh ^" And St. Paul
in like manner, " Let your moderation be known
unto all men ; the Lord is at hand."
These instances may suffice by way of pointing
out the argument for the truth of Christianity,
which I conceive to lie in the historical difference ex-
isting between the respective Schools of St. Paul and
St. James. Such a difference there is, as every one
must grant ; I mean, that St. Paul did, as a matter
of fact, begin his preaching upon his own indepen-
dent revelations. And thus, however we may be
able (as assuredly every Christian is gradually able,
in proportion to his diligence and prayer) to recon-
cile and satisfy himself as regards St. Paul's appa^
rent discordances in doctrine from the rest of the
Apostles, so much after all must remain, just
' Phil. iv. 6. 1 Pet. v. 7. Matt. vi. 34.
' 1 Pet iv. 7. Phil. iv. 5. Jam. v. 8.
XVII.] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. 227
enough, that is, to build the foregoing argument
upon. At the same time, as if to ensure even the
historical harmony of the whole dispensation, we are
allowed to set against our information concerning
this separate origin of the two Apostolical Schools,
the following facts ; first, that St. Paul ever con-
sidered himself ecclesiastically subordinate to the
Church at Jerusalem, and to St. James, as the book
of Acts shows us ; next, that St. John, the beloved
disciple, who was in Christ before him, was ap-
pointed to outlive him, and, as a faithful steward,
to seal up, avouch, and deliver over inviolate to the
Church after him, the pure and veritable teaching
of his Lord.
As to the point of doctrinal agreement and differ-
ence which I have been employed in ascertaining,
it is scarcely necessary to observe, that beyond
controversy the agreement is in essentials, the na-
ture and office of the Mediator, the gifts which He
vouchsafes to us, and the temper of mind and
the duties required of a Christian ; whereas the
difference of doctrine between them, even admit-
ting there is a difference, relates only at the utmost
to the Divine counsels, the sense in which the
Jewish law is abolished, and the condition of justi-
fication, whether faith or good works. I would
not (God forbid !) undervalue these or any other
questions on which inspiration has spoken ; it is
our duty to search diligently after every jot and
tittle of the Truth graciously revealed to us, and to
U 2
ST. PHILIP AND ST. JAMES. [Sekm.
maintain it: but I am here speaking as to an
unbeliever, and he must confess that, viewing the
Gospel Creed in v^^hat may be called its historical
proportions, a difference of opinion as to these latter
subjects cannot detract from that real and substan-
tial agreement of System, visible in the course of
doctrine which the Two Witnesses respectively de-
liver.
Next, speaking as a Christian, who will admit
neither inconsistency to exist between the inspired
documents of faith, nor points of trivial importance
in the revelation, I observe notwithstanding, that
the foregoing argument affords us additional cer-
tainty respecting the characteristic doctrines as well
as the truth of Christianity. An agreement be-
tween St. Paul and St. John in behalf of a certain
doctrine is an agreement not of mere texts, but of
separate Witnesses, an evidence of the prominence
of the doctrine delivered in the Gospel system. In
this way, if in no other, we learn the momentous
character of some particular tenets of revelation
which heretics have denied, as the Eternity, or,
again, the Personality of the Divine Word.
Further, we are thus permitted more clearly to
ascertain the main outlines of the Christian cha-
racter; for instance, that love is its essence, — its
chief characteristics, resignation, and composure of
mind, neither anxious for the morrow, nor hoping
from this world, — and its duties, alms-giving, self-
denial, prayer and praise.
XVII] THE GOSPEL WITNESSES. 2)^9
Lastly, the very circumstance that Almighty
God has chosen this mode of introducing the Gos-
pel into the world, I mean, this employment of
a double agency, opens a wide field of thought,
had we light to trace out the parallel providences
which seem to lie amid the intricacies of His deal-
ings with mankind. As it is, we can but gaze with
the Apostle in wonder and adoration upon the
mystery of His counsels. " O the depth of the
riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God !
how unsearchable are His judgments, and His ways
past finding out ! For who hath known the mind
of the Lord ? Or who hath been His counsellor ?
Or who hath first given to Him, and it shall be
recompensed unto him again? For of Him, and
through Him, and to Him, are all things : to whom
be glory for ever. Amen ^"
(x(^i^ uy-j^
" Rom. xi. 33—36.
SERMON XVIII.
THE FEAST OF THE ASCENSION OF OUR LORD.
MYSTERIES IN RELIGION.
Rom. viii. 34.
It is Christ that died, yea rather, that is risen again, who is even
at the right hand of God, who also maketh intercession for us.
The Ascension of our Lord and Saviour is an
event ever to be commemorated with joy and
thanksgiving, for St. Paul tells us in the text that
He ascended to the right hand of God, and there
makes intercession for us. Hence it is our comfort
to know that " if any man sin, we have an Advo-
cate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous,
and He is the propitiation for our sins \" As the
Jewish High Priest, after the solemn sacrifice for the
people on the great day of Atonement, went into
the Holy of Holies with the blood of the victim,
and sprinkled it upon the Mercy-Seat, so Christ
has entered into Heaven itself, to present (as it
were) before the Throne that sacred Tabernacle
which was the instrument of His passion, — His
* 1 Johnii. 1, 2.
Serm. XVIII.] MYSTERIES IN RELIGION. 231
pierced hands and wounded side, — in token of the
atonement which He has effected for the sins of the
world.
Wonder and awe must always mingle with the
thankfulness which the revealed dispensation of
mercy raises in our minds. And this, indeed, is an
additional cause of thankfulness, that Almighty
God has disclosed to us enough of His high Provi-
dence to raise such sacred and reverent feelings.
Had He merely told us that He had pardoned us,
we should have had overabundant cause for bless-
ing and praising Him ; but in showing us somewhat
of the means, in vouchsafing to tell what cannot
wholly be told, in condescending to abase heavenly
things to the weak and stammering tongues of
earth, He has enlarged our gratitude, yet sobered
it with fear. We are allowed with the Angels to
obtain a glimpse of the mysteries of Heaven, " to
rejoice with trembling." Therefore, so far from
considering the Truths of the Gospel as a burden,
because they are beyond our understanding, we
shall rather welcome them and exult in them, nay,
and feel an antecedent stirring of heart towards
them, for the very reason that they are above us.
Under these feelings I will attempt to suggest to
you on the present Festival some of the incentives
to wonder and awe, humility, implicit faith, and
adoration, supplied by the Ascension of Christ.
1. First, Christ's Ascension to the right hand of
God is marvellous because it is a sure token that
ASCENSION DAY. [Serm.
heaven is a certain fixed place, and not a mere
state. That bodily presence of the Saviour which
the Apostles handled, is not here ; it is elsewhere,
it is in heaven. This contradicts the notions of
cultivated and speculative minds; and humbles
the reason. Philosophy considers it more rational
to suppose that Almighty God, as being a spirit,
is in every place; and in no one place more
than another. It would teach, if it dare, that
heaven is a mere state of blessedness; but, to
be consistent, it ought to go on to deny, with the
ancient heretics, referred to by St. John, that
" Jesus Christ is come in the flesh," and maintain
that His presence on earth was a mere vision ; for,
certain it is. He who appeared on earth went up
from the earth, and a cloud received Him out of
His Apostles' sight. And here, again, an additional
difficulty occurs, on minutely considering the sub-
ject. Whither did He go? beyond the sun? be-
yond the fixed stars ? Did He traverse the immea-
surable space which extends beyond them all ?
Again, what is meant by ascending f Philosophers
will say there is no difference between down and up,
as regards the sky ; yet, whatever difficulties the
word may occasion, we can hardly take upon us to
decide that it is a mere popular expression, con-
sistently with the reverence due to the Sacred
Record.
And thus we are led on to consider, how different
are the character and effect of the Scripture notices
XVIIL] MYSTERIES IN RELIGION. 233
of the structure of the physical world, from those
which philosophers deliver. I am not deciding
whether or not the one and the other are reconcil-
able ; I merely say their respective effect is diffe-
rent. And when we have deduced what we deduce
by our reason from the study of visible nature,
and then read what we read in His inspired word,
and find the two apparently discordant, this is the
feeling I think we ought to have on our minds ; —
not an impatience to do what is beyond our powers,
to weigh evidence, sum up, balance, decide, and re-
concile, to arbitrate between the two voices of God,
— but a sense of the utter nothingness of worms
such as we are, of our plain and absolute incapacity
to contemplate things as they really are, a percep-
tion of our emptiness, before the great Vision of
God, of our " comeliness being turned into cor-
ruption, and our retaining no strength," a convic-
tion, that what is put before us, in nature or in
grace, though true in such a full sense that we dare
not infringe it, yet is but an intimation useful for
particular purposes, useful for practice, useful in its
department, " until the day break and the shadows
flee away," useful in such a way that both the one
and the other representation may at once be used, as
two languages, as two separate approximations to-
wards the Awful Unknown Truth, such as will not
mislead us in their respective provinces. And thus
while we use the language of science, without
jealousy, for scientific purposes, we may confine it
234 ASCENSION DAY. [Serm.
to these; and repel and reprove its upholders,
should they attempt to exalt it and to " stretch it
beyond its measure." In its own limited round it
has its use, nay may be made to fill a higher minis-
try, and stand as a proselyte under the shadow of
the Temple ; but it must not dare profane the inner
courts, in which the ladder of Angels is fixed for
ever, reaching even to the Throne of God, and
*' Jesus standing on the right of God."
I will but remind you on this part of the subject,
that our Lord is to come from heaven " in like man-
ner" as He went ; that He is to come " in clouds,"
that " every eye shall see Him," and " all tribes of
the earth wail because of Him." Attempt to solve
this prediction, according to the received theories of
science, and you will discover their shallowness.
They are unequal to the depth of the problem.
2. I have made the foregoing remark in order to
impress upon you the mystery with which we are
encompassed all about, such as not merely to attach
to one or two truths of religion, but extending to
almost every sacred fact, and to every action of our
lives. With the same view, let me observe upon
the doctrine which accompanies the fact of the
Ascension. Christ, we are told, has gone up on
high " to present Himself before the face of God for
us." He has " entered by His own blood once for
all into the Holy Place, having effected eternal re-
demption." " He ever liveth to make intercession
for those who come unto God by Him ; He hath a
1
XVIII.] MYSTERIES IN RELIGION. 235
priesthood which will not pass from Him." " We
have such an High Priest who is set on the right
hand of the throne of the Majesty in the heavens ;
a Minister of the Sanctuary, and of the true Taber-
nacle, which the Lord pitched, and not man \"
These and similar passages refer us to the rites
of the Jewish law. They contain notice of the type,
but what is the Antitype ? We can give no precise
account of it. For consider ; why was it that
Christ ascended on high? With what object?
What is His work ? What is the meaning of His
interceding for us in heaven? We know that,
whatever He does, it is the gracious reality of the
Mosaic figure. The High Priest entering with the
atoning blood into the Holiest, was a representation
of Christ's gracious deed in our behalf. But what
is that deed ? We know what the shadow is ; what
is the substance ? The death of Christ answers to
the Jewish rite of Atonement ; how does He vouch-
safe to fulfil the rite of Intercession ? Instead of
explaining, Scripture does but continue to answer
us in the language of the type ; even to the last it
veils His deed under the ancient figure ^ Shall we
therefore explain away its language as merely figu-
rative, which (as the word is now commonly under-
stood) is next to saying it has no meaning at all ?
Far from it. Clouds and darkness are round about
Him. We are not given to see into the secret
^ Heb. ix. 12. 24, 25. vii 24, 25. viii. 1, 2.
* Rev. viii. 3, 4.
236 ASCEiNSION DAY. [Serm.
shrine in which God dwells. Before Him stand the
Seraphim, veiling their faces. Christ is within the
veil. We must not search curiously what is His
present office, what is meant by His pleading His
sacrifice, and by His perpetual intercession for us.
And, since we do not know, we will studiously keep
to the figure given us in Scripture ; we will not
attempt to interpret it, or change the wording of
it, being wise above what is written. We will not
neglect it, because we do not understand it. We
will hold it as a Mystery, or (what was anciently
called) a Truth Sacramental ; that is, a high invi-
sible grace lodged in an outward form, a precious
possession to be piously and thankfully guarded for
the sake of the heavenly reality contained in it.
Thus much we see in it, the pledge of a doctrine
which reason cannot understand, viz. of the influence /
of the prayer of faith upon the Divine counsels. \
The Intercessor directs or stays the hand of the Un-
changeable and Sovereign Governor of the World ;
being at once the meritorious cause and the earnest
of the intercessory power of His brethren. " Christ
rose again for our justification," " The effectual
fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much,"
are both infinite mercies, and deep mysteries.
3. Further still, consider our Saviour's words : —
" It is expedient for you that I go away, for if I go
not away, the Comforter will not come unto you."
He does not tell us, why it was that His absence
was the condition of the Holy Spirit's presence.
XVIII.] MYSTERIES IN RELIGION. 237
" If I depart," He says, " I will send Him unto
you." " I will pray the Father, and He shall give
you another Comforter, that He may abide with you
for ever ^" To the same purpose are the following
texts : " He that believeth on Me, the works that
I do shall he do also; and greater works than
these shall he do, because I go unto My Father."
" If ye loved Me, ye would rejoice, because I said,
I go unto the Father ; for My Father is greater
than I." " Touch Me not ; for I am not yet
ascended to my Father ; but go to my brethren, and
say unto them, I ascend unto My Father and your
Father, and to My God and your God^" Now
proud and curious reason might seek to know why
He could not " pray the Father," without going to
Him ; why He must depart in order to send the
Spirit. But faith, without asking for one ray of
light more than is given, muses over the wonderful
system of Providence, as seen in this world, which
is ever connecting events, between which man sees
no necessary bond. The whole system of what is
called cause and effect, is one of mystery ; and this
instance, if it may be called one, supplies abundant
matter of praise and adoration to a pious mind. It
suggests to us, equally with the topics which have
already come before us, how very much our know-
ledge of God's ways is but on the surface. What
are those deep hidden reasons why Christ went and
the Spirit came ? Marvellous and glorious, beyond
' John xvi. 7. xiv. 16. ' John xiv. 12. 28. xx. 17.
238 ASCENSION DAY. [Serm.
our understanding ! Let us worship in silence ;
meanwhile, let us jealously maintain this, and every
other portion of our Creed, lest, by dropping jot
or tittle, we suffer the truths concealed therein to
escape from us.
Moreover, this departure of Christ, and coming
of the Holy Ghost, leads our minds with great com-
fort to the thought of many lower dispensations of
Providence towards us. He, who according to His
inscrutable will, sent first His Co-equal Son, and
then His Eternal Spirit, acts with deep counsel,
which we may surely trust, when He sends from
place to place, those earthly instruments which
carry on His purposes. This is a thought which is
particularly soothing as regards the loss of friends ;
or of especially gifted men, who seem in their day
the earthly support of the Church. For what we
know, their removal hence is as necessary for the
furtherance of the very objects we have at heart, as
was the departure of our Saviour.
Doubtless, "it is expedient" they should be
taken away ; otherwise some great mercy will not
come to us. They are taken away perchance to
other duties in God's service, equally ministrative
to the salvation of the elect, as earthly service.
Christ went to intercede with the Father : we do
not know, we may not boldly speculate, — yet, it
may be, that Saints departed intercede, unknown
to us, for the victory of the Truth upon earth ; and
their prayers above may be as really indispensable
i hk-U:; '/• ^aet***t«f^<C /r4„ rht-v9*\ t\^ *U ^^ ; , >,
XVIII.] MYSTERIES IN RELIGION. 239
conditions of that victory, as the labours of those
who remain among us. They are taken away for
some purpose surely ; their gifts are not lost to us ;
their soaring minds, the fire of their contemplations,
the sanctity of their desires, the vigour of their
faith, the sweetness and gentleness of their affec-
tions, were not given without an object. Yea,
doubtless, they are keeping up the perpetual chant
in the shrine above, praying and praising God day
and night in His Temple, like Moses upon the
Mount, while Joshua and his host fight with
Amalek. Can they be allotted greater blessedness,
than to have a station after the pattern of that
Saviour who is departed hence ? Has He no power
in the world's movements, because He is away?
And though He is the Living and exalted Lord of
all, and the government is on His shoulder, and they
are but His servants, without strength of themselves,
laid up moreover apart from the conflict of good
and evil in the paradise of God, yet so much light
as this is given us by the inspired pages of the
Apocalypse, that they are interested in the fortunes
of the Church. We read therein of the Martyrs
crying with a loud voice, " How long, O Lord,
holy and true, dost Thou not judge and avenge
our blood on them that dwell on the earth ?" At
another time, of the Elders " worshipping God,
saying. We give Thee thanks, O Lord God Al-
mighty, which art, and wast, and art to come, be-
cause Thou hast taken to Thee Thy great power
240 ASCENSION DAY. [Sebm.
and hast reigned ; and the nations were wrathful,
but Thy wrath is come." And again of the Saints,
saying, " Great and marvellous are Thy works.
Lord God Almighty ; just and true are Thy ways,
Thou King of Saints. Who shall not fear Thee,
O Lord, and glorify Thy name ? for thou only art
holy ; for all nations shall come and worship before
Thee, for Thy judgments are made manifest \" Let
us not forget that, though the prophecies of this
sacred book may be still sealed up from us, yet the
doctrines and precepts are not ; and that we lose
much both in the way of comfort and instruction,
if we do not use it for the purposes of faith and
obedience.
What has been now said about the Ascension of
our Lord, comes to this ; that we are in a world
of mystery, with one bright Light before us, suffi-
cient for our proceeding forward through all diffi-
culties. Take away this Light, and we are utterly
wretched, — we know not where we are, how we are
sustained, what will become of us, and all that is
dear to us, what we are to believe, and why we are
in being. But with it we have all, and abound.
Not to mention the duty and wisdom of implicit
faith in the love of Him who made and redeemed
us, what is nobler, what is more elevating and
transporting, than thf; generosity of heart which
risks every thing on God's word, dares the powers
' Rev. vi. 10. xi. 17, 18. xv. 3, 4.
XVIII.] MYSTERIES IN RELIGION. 241
of evil to their worst eftbrts, and repels the ilkisions
of sense and the artifices of reason, by confidence
in the truth of Him who has ascended to the right
hand of the Majesty on high. What infinite mercy
it is in Him, that He allows sinners such as we are,
the privilege of acting the part of heroes rather
than of penitents ? Who are we " that we should
be able" and have opportunity " to offer so Avillingly
after this sort ^ ?" — " Blessed," surely thrice blessed,
" are they who have not seen and yet have be-
lieved !" We will not wish for sight ; we will enjoy
our privilege ; we will triumph in the leave given us
to go forward, " not knowing whither we go,"
knowing that " this is the victory that overcometh
the world, even our faith ^" It is enough that our
Redeemer liveth ; that He has been on earth and
will come again. On Him we venture our all ; we
can bear thankfully to put ourselves into His hands,
our interests, present and eternal, and the interests
of all we love. Christ has died, " yea, rather is
risen again, who is even at the right hand of God,
who also maketh intercession for us. Who shall
separate us from His love? Shall tribulation, or
distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or
peril, or sword ? Nay, in all these things we are
more than conquerors, through Him that loved us."
' 1 Chron. xxix. 14. '■* 1 John v. 4.
H^'^ ^^iV ^y^M^^'^'
VOL. II.
SERMON XIX.
THE FEAST OF PENTECOST.
THE INDWELLING SPIRIT.
Romans viii. 9.
Ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if so be that the Spirit
of God dwell in you.
God, the Son, has graciously vouchsafed to reveal
the Father to His creatures from without ; God, the
Holy Ghost, by inward communications. Who can
compare these separate works of condescension,
either of them being beyond our understanding?
We can but silently adore the Infinite Love which
encompasses us on every side. The Son of God is
called the Word, as declaring His glory throughout
created nature, and impressing the evidence of it
on every part of it. He has given us to read it in
His works of goodness, holiness, and wisdom. He is
the Living and Eternal Law of Truth and Perfec-
tion, the Image of God's unapproachable Attributes,
which men have ever seen by glimpses on the face
of the world, felt that it was sovereign, but knew
1
Serm. xix] the indwelling spirit. 243
not whether to say it was a fundamental Rule and
self-existing Destiny, or the Offspring and Mirror
of the Divine Will. Such has He been from the
beginning, graciously sent forth from the Father to
reflect His glory upon all things, distinct from Him,
while mysteriously one with Him ; and in due time
visiting us with an infinitely deeper mercy, when
for our redemption He humbled Himself to take
upon Him that fallen nature which He had originally
created after His own image.
The condescension of the Blessed Spirit is as in-
comprehensible as that of the Son. He has ever
been the secret Presence of God within the Creation;
a source of life amid the chaos, bringing out into
form and order what was at first shapeless and void,
and the voice of Truth in the hearts of all rational
beings, tuning them into harmony with the inti-
mations of God's Law which were externally made
to them. Hence He is especially called the " life-
giving" Spirit ; being, (as it were,) the Soul of uni-
versal nature, the Strength of man and beast, the
Guide of faith, the Witness against sin, the inward
Light of patriarchs and prophets, the Grace abiding
in the Christian soul, and the Lord and Ruler of
the Church. Therefore, let us ever praise the Father
Almighty, who is the first Source of all perfection,
in and together with His co-equal Son and Spirit,
through whose gracious ministrations we have been
given to see " what manner of love" it is, wherewith
the Father has loved us.
r2
244 WHIT-SUNDAY. | Serm.
On this Festival I propose, as is suitable, to de-
scribe as scripturally as I can, the merciful office of
God the Holy Ghost, towards us Christians ; and I
trust I may do so, with the sobriety and reverence
which the subject demands.
The Holy Spirit has from the beginning pleaded
with man. We read in the Book of Genesis, that,
when evil began to prevail all over the earth before
the flood, " the Lord said. My Spirit shall not
always strive with man ^ ;" implying that He had
hitherto striven with his corruption. Again, when
God took to Him a peculiar people, the Holy Spirit
was pleased to be especially present with them.
Nehemiah says, " Thou gavest also Thy Good
Spirit to instruct them ^" and Isaiah, " They re-
belled and vexed His Holy Spirit ^" Further, He
manifested Himself as the source of various gifts,
intellectual and extraordinary, in the Prophets, and
others. Thus, at the time the Tabernacle was con-
structed, the Lord filled Bezaleel " with the Spirit
of God, in wisdom, and in understanding, and in
knowledge, and in all manner of workmanship, to
devise cunning works *" in metal, stone, and timber.
At another time, when Moses was oppressed with
his labours. Almighty God vouchsafed to " take of
the Spirit * " which was upon him, and to put it on
seventy of the elders of Israel, that they might
' Gen. vi. 3. ' Neh. ix. 20. => Isa. Ixiii. 10.
* Exod. xxxi. 3, 4. ' Numb. xi. 17. 25.
XIX.] THE INDWELLING SPIRIT. 245
share the burden with him. " And it came to pass,
that when the Spirit rested upon them, they pro-
phesied, and did not cease." These texts will be
sufficient to remind you of many others, in which
the gifts of the Holy Ghost are spoken of under the
Jewish covenant. These were great mercies ; yet,
great as they were, they are as nothing compared
with that surpassing grace with which we Christians
are honoured ; that great privilege of receiving into
our hearts, not the mere gifts of the Spirit, but His
very presence. Himself, by a real not a figurative
indwelling.
When our Lord entered upon His Ministry, He
acted as though He were a mere man, needing
gi*ace, and received the consecration of the Holy
Spirit for our sakes. He became the Christ, or
Anointed, that the Spirit might be seen to come
from God, and to pass from Him to us. And,
therefore, the heavenly Gift is not simply called
the Holy Ghost, or the Spirit of God, but the Spirit
of Christ, that we might clearly understand, that
He comes to us from and instead of Christ. Thus
St. Paul says, " God hath sent forth the Spirit of
His Son into your hearts ;" and our Lord breathed
on His Apostles, saying, " Receive ye the Holy
Ghost ;" and He says elsewhere to them, " If I
depart, I will send Him unto you\" Accordingly,
this "Holy Spirit of promise" is called "the earnest
' Gal. iv. 6. John xx. 22. John xvi. 7.
246 WHIT-SUNDAY. [Skrm.
of our inheritance," the seal and earnest of an
Unseen Saviour ^ ; being the present pledge of Him
who is absent, — or rather more than a pledge, for
an earnest is not a mere token which will be taken
from us when it is fulfilled, as a pledge might be,
but a something in advance of what is one day to
be given in full.
This must be clearly understood ; for it would
seem to follow, that if so, the Comforter which has
come instead of Christ, must have vouchsafed to
come in the same sense in which Christ canie ; I
mean, that He has come, not merely in the way of
gifts, or of influences, or of operations, as He came
j to the Prophets, for then Christ's going away would
/ be a loss, and not a gain, and the Spirit's presence
would be a mere pledge, not an earnest, but He
I comes to us as Christ came, by a real and personal
I visitation. I do not say we could have inferred
this thus clearly by the mere force of the above cited
texts; but, it being actually so revealed to us in
other texts of Scripture, we are able to see that it
may be legitimately deduced from these. We are
able to see that the Saviour, when once He entered
into this world, never so departed as to suffer things
to be as before He came ; for He still is with us, not
in mere gifts, but by the substitution of His Spirit
for Himself, and that, both in the Church, and in
the souls of individual Christians.
1 Eph. i. 14. 2 Cor. i. 22. v. 5.
XIX.] THE INDWELLING SPIRIT. 247
For instance, St. Paul says in the text, " Ye are
not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if so be that the
Spirit of God dwell in you!' Again, " He shall
quicken even your mortal bodies by His Spirit that
dwelleth in you." — " Know ye not that your body is
the Temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you ?"
" Ye are the Temple of the Living God, as God
hath said, I will dwell in them, and walk in them."
The same Apostle clearly distinguishes between the
indwelling of the Spirit, and His actual operations
within us, when he says, " The love of God is shed
abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is
given unto us ;" and again, " The Spirit Himself
beareth witness with our spirit that we are the
children of God \"
Here let us observe, before proceeding, what in-
direct evidence is afforded us in these texts of the
Divinity of the Holy Spirit. Who can be personally
present at once with every Christian, but God
Himself? Who but He, — not merely ruling in the
midst of the Church invisibly, as Michael might
keep watch over Israel, or another Angel might be
" the Prince of Persia," — but really taking up His
abode as one and the same in many separate hearts,
so as to fulfil our Lord's words, that it was expe-
dient that He should depart ; Christ's bodily pre-
sence, which was limited to place, being exchanged
for the manifold spiritual indwelling of the Comforter
1 Rom. viii. 9. 11. 1 Cor. vi. 19. 2 Cor. vi. 16. Rom. v. 5.
viii. 16.
218 WHIT-SUNDAY. [Skrm.
within us? This consideration suggests both the
dignity of our Sanctifier, and the infinite precious-
ness of His office towards us.
To proceed : the Holy Ghost, I have said, dwells
in body and soul, as in a Temple. Evil spirits in-
deed have power to possess sinners, but His in-
dwelling is far more perfect ; for He is all-knowing
and omnipresent. He is able to search into all our
thoughts, and penetrate into every motive of the
heart. Therefore, He pervades us (if it may be so
said) as light pervades a building, or as a sweet per-
fume the folds of some honourable robe ; so that, in
Scripture language, we are said to be in Him, and
He in us. It is plain that such an inhabitation
brings the Christian into a state altogether new and
marvellous, far above the possession of mere gifts,
exalts him inconceivably in the scale of beings, and
gives him a place and an office which he had not
before. In St. Peter's forcible language, he becomes
" partaker of the Divine Nature," and has " power"
or authority, as St. Jolm says, " to become the son
of God." Or to use the words of St. Paul, " he is
a new creation ; old things are passed away, behold
all things are become new." His rank is new ; his
parentage and service new. He is " of God," and
" is not his own," " a vessel unto honour, sanctified
and meet for the Master's use, and prepared unto
every good work \"
' 2 Pet. i. 4. John i. 12. 2 Cor. v. 17. 1 John iv. 4.
1 Cor. vi. 19,20. 2 Tim. ii. 21.
XIX.] THE INDWELLIiNG SPIRIT. 249
This wonderful change from darkness to light,
through the entrance of the Spirit into the soul, is
called Regeneration, or the New Birth ; a blessing,
which before Christ's coming, not even Prophets
and righteous men possessed, but which is now
conveyed to all men freely through the Sacrament
of Baptism. By nature we are children of wrath ;
the heart is sold under sin, possessed by evil spirits,
and inherits death as its eternal portion. But by
the coming of the Holy Ghost, all guilt and pollu-
tion are burned away as by fire, the devil is driven
forth, sin, original and actual, is forgiven, and the
whole man is consecrated to God. And this is the
reason why He is called " the earnest" of that
Saviour who died for us, and will one day give us
the fulness of His own presence in Heaven. Hence
too He is our " seal unto the day of redemption ;"
for as the potter moulds the clay, so He impresses
the Divine Image on us members of the household
of God. And His work may truly be called Rege-
neration, for though the original nature of the soul
is not destroyed, yet its past transgressions are
pardoned once and for ever, and its source of evil
staunched and gradually dried up by the pervading
Health and Purity which has set up its abode in
it. Instead of its own bitter waters, a spring of
health and salvation is brought within it ; not the
mere streams of that fountain, " clear as crystal,"
which is before the Throne of God ', but, as our
* Rev. iv. 6. Ps. xlvi. 1.
250 WHIT-SUNDAY. [Serm.
Lord says, " a well of water in hiru" in a man's
heart " springing up into everlasting life." Hence
He elsewhere describes the heart as giving forth,
not receiving, the streams of grace; " Out of his
belly shall flow rivers of Living Water." St. John
adds, " this spake He of the Spirit'."
Such is the inhabitation of the Holy Ghost within
us, applying to us individually, the precious clean-
sing of Christ's blood in all its manifold benefits.
Such is the great doctrine, which we hold as a
matter of faith, and without actual experience to
verify it to us. Next, I must speak briefly con-
cerning the manner in which the gift of grace
manifests itself in the regenerate soul ; a subject
which I do not willingly take up, and which no
Christian perhaps is ever able to consider without
some effort, feeling that he thereby endangers
either his reverence towards God, or his humility,
but which the errors of this day and the confident
tone of their advocates oblige us to dwell upon,
lest truth should suffer by our silence.
The heavenly gift of the Spirit fixes the eyes of
our mind upon the Divine Author of our salvation.
By nature we are blind and carnal ; but the Holy
Ghost, by whom we are new-born, reveals to us the
God of mercies, and bids us recognise and adore
Him as our Father with a true heart. He im-
presses on us our Heavenly Father's image, which
' John iv. 14. vii. 38, 39.
XIX.J THE INDWELLING SPIRIT. 251
we lost when Adam fell, and disposes us to seek
His presence by the very instinct of our new na-
ture. He restores to us a portion of that freedom
in willing and doing, of that uprightness and in-
nocence, in which Adam was created. He unites
us to all holy beings, as before we had relationship
with evil. He restores for us that broken bond,
which proceeding from above, connects together
into one blessed family all that is any where holy
and eternal, and separates it off from the rebel
world which comes to nought. Being then the
sons of God, and one with Him, our souls mount
up to Him, and cry continually. This special cha-
racteristic of the regenerate soul is spoken of by St.
Paul soon after the text. " Ye have received the
Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry, Abba, Father."
Nor are we left to utter these cries to Him, in any
vague uncertain way of our own ; but He who sent
the Spirit to dwell in us habitually, gave us also a
form of words to sanctify the separate acts of our
minds. Christ left His sacred Prayer to be the
peculiar possession of His people, and the voice of
the Spirit. If we examine it, we shall find in it the
substance of that doctrine, to which St. Paul has
given a name in the passage just quoted. We
begin it by using our privilege of calling on Almighty
God in express words as " our Father." We pro-
ceed, according to this beginning, in that waiting,
trusting, adoring, resigned temper, which children
ought to feel ; looking towards Him, rather than
252 WHIT-SUNDAY. [Skkm.
thinking of ourselves ; zealous for His honour,
rather than fearful about our safety ; resting in His
present help, not with eyes timorously glancing
towards the future. His name, His kingdom, His
will, are the great objects for the Christian to con-
template and make his portion, being stable and
serene, and " complete in Him," as beseems one
who has gracious presence of His Spirit within
him. And, when he goes on to think of himself,
he prays, that he may be enabled to have towards
others what God has shown towards himself, a
spirit of forgiveness and loving kindness. Thus he
pours himself out on all sides, first looking up to
catch the heavenly gift, but, when he gains it, not
keeping it to himself, but diffusing " rivers of liv-
ing water," to the whole race of man, thinking of
self as little as may be, and desiring ill and de-
struction to nothing but that principle of tempta-
tion and evil, which is rebellion against God; —
lastly, ending, as he began, with the contemplation
of His kingdom, power, and glory everlasting.
This is the true " Abba, Father," which the Spirit
of adoption utters within the Christian's heart, the
infallible voice of Him who " maketh intercession
for the Saints in God's way." And if he has at
times, for instance, amid trial or affliction, special
visitations and comfortings from the Spirit, " plaints
unutterable" within him, yearnings after the life to
come, or bright and passing gleams of God's eternal
election, and deep stirrings of wonder and thank-
XIX. J THE INDWELLING SPIRIT. 253
fulness thence following', he thinks too reverently
of " the secret of the Lord," to betray (as it were)
His confidence, and by vaunting it to the world to
exaggerate it perchance into more than it was
meant to convey ; but is silent, and ponders it as
choice encouragement to his soul, meaning some-
thing, but he knows not how much.
2. The indwelling of the Holy Ghost raises the
soul, not only to the thought of God, but of Christ
also. St. John says, " Truly our fellowship is with
the Father, and with His Son Jesus Christ." And
our Lord Himself, " If a man love Me, he will
keep My words ; and My Father will love him, and
We will come unto him and make our abode with
him ^" Now, not to speak of other and higher ways
in which these texts are fulfilled, one surely consists
in that exercise of faith and love in the thought of
the Father and Son, which the Gospel, and the
Spirit revealing it, furnish to the Christian. The
Spirit came especially to " glorify" Christ ; and
vouchsafes to be a shining Light within the Church
and the individual Christian, reflecting the Saviour
of the world in all His perfections, all His oflfices,
all His works. He came for the purpose of un-
folding what was yet hidden, while Christ was on
earth; and speaks on the house-tops what was
delivered in closets, disclosing Him in the glories
of His transfiguration, who once had no comeliness
' 1 John i. 3. John xiv. 23.
254 WHIT-SUNDAY. [Sbrm.
in His outward form, and was but a man of sorrows
and acquainted with grief. First, He inspired the
Holy Evangelists to record the life of Christ, and
directed them which of His words and works to
select, which to omit ; next. He commented (as it
were) upon these and unfolded their meaning in the
Apostolic Epistles. The birth, the life, the death
and resurrection of Christ, has been the text which
He has illuminated. He has made history to be
doctrine ; telling us plainly, whether by St. John or
St. Paul, that Christ's conception and birth was the
real Incarnation of the Eternal Word, His life,
" God manifest in the Flesh," His death and resur-
rection, the Atonement for sin, and the Justification
of all believers. Nor was this all : He continued
His sacred comment in the formation of the Church,
superintending and overruling its human instru-
ments, and bringing out our Saviour's words and
works, and the Apostles' illustrations of them, into
acts of obedience and permanent Ordinances, by
the ministry of Saints and Martyrs. Lastly, He
completes His gracious work by conveying this
system of Truth, thus varied and expanded, to the
heart of each individual Christian in whom He
dwells. Thus He vouchsafes to edify the whole
man in faith and holiness ; " casting down imagi-
nations and every high thing that exalteth itself
against the knowledge of God, and bringing into
captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ '."
* 2 Cor. X. 5.
XIX.] THE INDWELLING SPIRIT. 255
By His wonder-working grace all things tend to
perfection. Every faculty of the mind, every de-
sign, pursuit, subject of thought, is hallowed in its
degree by the abiding vision of Christ, as Lord,
Saviour, and Judge. All solemn, reverent, thank-
ful, and devoted feelings, all that is noble, all that
is choice in the regenerate soul, all that is self-deny-
ing in conduct, and zealous in action, is drawn forth
and offered up by the Spirit as a living sacrifice to
the Son of God. And, though the Christian is
taught not to think of himself above his measure,
and dare not boast, yet he is also taught that the
consciousness of the sin which remains in him and
infects his best services, should not separate him
from God, but lead him to Him who can save ; he
reasons with St. Peter, " To whom should he go ?"
and, without daring to decide, or being impatient to
be told how far he is able to consider as his own
every Gospel privilege in its fulness, he gazes on
them all with deep thought as the Church's pos-
session, joins her triumphant hymns in honour of
Christ, and listens wistfully to her voice in inspired
Scripture, the voice of the Bride calling upon and
blest in the Beloved.
3. St. John adds, after speaking of " our fellow-
ship with the Father and His Son ;" " These things
write we unto you, that your joy may be full." What
is fulness of joy but peace f Joy is tumultuous only
when it is not full ; but peace is the privilege of those
256 WHIT-SUNDAY. [Sfrm.
who are " filled with the knowledge of the glory
of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea." " Thou
wilt keep him in perfect peace, whose mind is
stayed on Thee, because he trusteth in Thee \" It
is peace, springing from trust and innocence, and
then overflowing in love towards all around him.
What is the effect of mere animal ease and enjoy-
ment, but to make a man pleased with every thing
which happens ? "A merry heart is a perpetual
feast ;" and such is peculiarly the blessing of a soul
rejoicing in the faith and fear of God. He who is
anxious, thinks of himself, is suspicious of danger,
speaks hurriedly, and has no time for the interests
of others ; he who lives in peace is at leisure, where-
ever his lot is cast. Such is the work of the Holy
Spirit in the heart, whether in Jew or Greek, bond
or free. He Himself perchance in His mysterious
nature, is the Eternal Love whereby the Father and
the Son have dwelt in each other, as ancient writers
have believed ; and what He is in Heaven, that He
is abundantly on earth. He lives in the Christian's
heart, as the never-failing fount of charity, which is
the very sweetness of the living waters. For where
He is, " there is liberty" from the tyranny of sin,
from the dread, which the natural man feels, of an
offended, unreconciled Creator. Doubt, gloom, im-
patience have been expelled ; joy in the Gospel
has taken their place, the hope of Heaven, and
* Is. xxvi. 3.
XIX] THE INDWELLING SPIRIT. ^7
the harmony of a pure heart, the triumph of self-
mastery, sober thoughts, and a contented ' mind.
How can charity towards all men fail to follow,
beinof the mere affectionateness of innocence and
peace ? Thus the Spirit of God creates in us the
simplicity and warmth of heart which children
have, nay, rather the perfections of His heavenly
hosts, high and low joined together in His mysteri-
ous work ; implicit trust, ardent love, abiding purity,
belonging both to little children and to the adoring
Seraphim !
Thoughts, such as these, will affect us rightly, if
they make us fear and be watchful, while we rejoice.
They cannot surely do otherwise ; for the mind of a
Christian, as I have been attemping to describe it, is
not so much what we have, as what we ought to have.
To look indeed, after dwelling on it, upon the multi-
tude of men who have been baptized in Christ's
name, is too serious a matter, and we need not force
ourselves to do so. We need not do so, further than
to pray for them, and to protest and strive against
what is evil among them ; for as to the higher and
more solemn thought, how persons, set apart indi-
vidually and collectively, as Temples of Truth and
Holiness, should become what they seem to be, and
what their state is in consequence in God's sight,
is a question, which it is a great blessing to be 1
allowed to put from us as not our concern. It is
our concern only to look to ourselves, and to see
that as we have received the gift, we " grieve not the
VOL. II. s
258 WHIT-SUNDAY. [Serm. XIX.
Holy Spirit of God, whereby we are sealed unto the
day of redemption ;" remembering that " if any man
destroy the temple of God, him shall God destroy."
This reflection, and the recollection of our many
backslidings, will ever keep us, please God, from
judging others, or from priding ourselves on our
privileges. Let us but consider how we have
fallen from the light and grace of our Baptism.
Were we now what that Holy Sacrament made us,
we might ever " go on our way rejoicing ;" but
having sullied our heavenly garments, in one way
or other, in a greater or less degree, (God knoweth !
and our own consciences too in a measure,) alas !
the Spirit of adoption has in part receded from us,
and the sense of guilt, remorse, sorrow, and peni-
tence must take His place. We must renew our
confession, and seek afresh our absolution day by
day, before we dare call upon God as " our Father,"
or offer up Psalms and Intercessions to Him. And,
^ whatever pain and affliction meets us through life,
we must take it as a merciful penance imposed
by a Father upon erring children, to be borne
meekly and thankfully, and as intended to remind
us of the weight of that infinitely greater punish-
: ment, which was our desert by nature, and which
. Christ bore for us on the Cross.
SERMON XX.
MONDAY IN WHITSUN WEEK.
THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS.
Dan. ii. 35.
The stone that smote the Image became a great Mountain, and
filled the whole earth.
Doubtless, could we see the course of God's Dis-
pensations in this world, as the Angels see them,
we should not be able to deny that it was His un-
seen hand that ordered them. Even the most pre-
sumptuous sinner would find it hopeless to withstand
the marks of Divine Agency in them ; and would
" believe and tremble." This is what moves the
Saints in the Apocalypse, to praise and adore Al-
mighty God, — the view of His wonderful works seen
as a whole from first to last. " Great and marvel-
lous are Thy works, Lord God Almighty ; just and
true are Thy ways. Thou King of Saints ! Who shall
not fear Thee, O Lord, and glorify Thy name ' V*
• Rev. XV. 3, 4.
s2
260 WHIT-MONDAY. [Serm.
And perchance such a contemplation of the Pro-
vidences of God, whether in their own personal
history, or in the affairs of their own country, or
of the Church, or of the world at large, may be one
of the blessed occupations of God's elect in the In-
termediate State. However, even to us sinners, who
have neither secured our crown like the Saints de-
parted, much less are to be compared to the Angels
who " excel in strength, that do His commandments,
hearkening unto the voice of His Word V even to
us is vouchsafed some insight into God's Providence,
by means of the records of it. History and Prophecy
are given us as informants, and reflect various lights
upon His Attributes and Will, whether separately
or in combination. The text suggests to us an
especial instance of this privilege, in the view allowed
us of the introduction and propagation of the Gos-
pel ; and it will be fitting at this season of the
year, when we especially commemorate its first
public manifestation in the Holy Ghost's descent
upon the Apostles, to make some remarks upon the
wonderful Providence of God as seen in it.
The words of Daniel in the text form part of the
disclosure he was inspired to make to Nebuchad-
nezzar, of the dream that " troubled" him. After
describing the great Image, with a head of fine
gold, arms of silver, belly and thighs of brass, legs
of iron, and feet of iron and clay, by which were
• Ps. ciii. 20.
XX.] THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS. 201
signified the four Empires which preceded the com-
ing of Christ, he goes on to foretell the rise of
Christianity in these words : " Thou sawest till that
a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the
Image upon his feet, which were of iron and clay,
and brake them to pieces. Then was the iron, the
clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken in
pieces together, and became like the chaff," heavy
and costly as the metals were, they became as light
as chaff " of the summer threshing floors, and the
wind carried them away .... And the stone that
smote the image, became a great Mountain, and
filled the whole earth."
Afterwards, he adds this interpretation ; " In the
days of these kings, shall the God of Heaven set up
a Kingdom which shall never be destroyed ; and
the Kingdom shall not be left to other people, but
it shall break in pieces, and consume all these king-
doms, and it shall stand for ever."
This prophecy of Daniel is fulfilled among us, at
this day. We know it is so. Those four idol king-
doms are gone, and the Kingdom of Christ, made
without human hands, remains, and is our own
blessed portion. But to speak thus summarily, is
scarcely to pay due honour to God's work, or to
reap the full benefit of our knowledge of it. Let us
then look into the details of this great Providence,
the history of the Gospel Dispensation.
1. Observe what it was that took place. There
have been many kingdoms before and since Christ
262 WHIT-MONDAY. [Serm.
came, which have been set up and extended by the
sword. This, indeed, is the only way in which
earthly power grows. Wisdom and skill direct its
movements, but the arm of force is the instrument
of its aggrandisement. And an unscrupulous con-
science, a hard heart, and guilty deeds, are the
usual attendants upon its growth : which is, in one
form or other, but usurpation, invasion, conquest,
and tyranny. It rises against its neighbours, and
increases by external collisions and a visible exten-
sion. . But the propagation of the Gospel was the
internal developement of one and the same prin-
ciple in various countries at once, and therefore
may be suitably called, invisible, and not of this
world. The Jewish Nation did not " push west-
ward, and northward, and southward ;" but a spirit
went out from its Church into all lands, and where-
ever it came, there a new Order of things forthwith
arose in the bosom of strangers ; arose simultane-
ously, independently in each place, and recognising
its fellows in other places only when they were
already brought into existence. We know indeed
that the Apostles were the instruments, the secret
emissaries (as they might be called) of this work ;
but, I am speaking of the appearance of things, as
a heathen might regard them. Who among the
wise men or the disputers of this world, will take
account of a few helpless men wandering about
from place to place, and preaching a new doc-
trine ? It never can be believed, it is impossible
XX.] THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS. 263
that they should be the real agents of the revolution
which followed. So we maintain, and the world's
philosophy must be consistent enough to agree
with us. It looked down upon the Apostles in
their day; it said they could effect nothing; let
it say the same thing now in common fairness.
Surely to the philosophy of this world it must
appear as absurd to ascribe great changes to such
weak vessels, as to attribute them to some imaginary
unseen agents, to the heavenly hosts whose exist-
ence it disbelieves. As it would account the hypo-
thesis of Angelic interference gratuitous, so did it
then, and must still, pronounce that of the Apos-
tles' efforts insufficient. Its own witness in the
beginning becomes our evidence now. Dismissing
then the thought of the feeble and despised preach-
ers, who went to and fro, let us see what really
happened. In the midst of a great Empire, such
as the world had never seen, powerful and crafty
beyond all former empires, more extensive, and
better organized, suddenly a new Kingdom arose.
Suddenly in every part of this well-cemented Em-
pire, in the East and West, North and South, as if
by some general understanding, yet, without any
sufficient system of correspondence or centre of
influence, ten thousand orderly societies, professing
the same principles, and disciplined upon the same
polity, sprang up as from the earth. It seemed
as though the fountains of the great deep were
broken up, and some new forms of creation were
264 WHIT-MONDAY. [Serm.
thrown forward from below, the manifold ridges of
some " great Mountain," crossing, splitting, dis-
arranging the existing system of things, levelling
the hills, filling up the valleys, — irresistible as be-
ing sudden, unforeseen, and unprovided for, — till
it " filled the whole earth '." This was indeed a
" new thing ;" and independent of all reference to
prophecy, is unprecedented in the history of the
world before or since, and calculated to excite the
deepest interest and amazement in any really phi-
losophical mind. Throughout the kingdoms and
provinces of Rome, while all things looked as usual,
the sun rising and setting, the seasons continuing,
men's passions swaying them as from the beginning,
their thoughts set on their worldly business, or their
gain, or their pleasures, on their ambitious pros-
pects and quarrels, warrior measuring his strength
with warrior, politicians plotting, and kings ban-
quetting, suddenly this portent came as a snare
upon the whole earth. Suddenly, men found them-
selves encompassed with foes, as a camp surprised
by night. And the nature of this hostile host was
still more strange, (if possible) than the coming of
it. It was not a foreigner who invaded them,
not barbarian from the north, nor a rising of slaves,
nor an armament of pirates, but the enemy rose up
from among themselves. The first-born in every
house " from the first-born of Pharaoh on the
> Is. xli. 15, 16.
XX.] THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS. 265
throne, to the first-born of the captive in the dun-
geon," unaccountably found himself enlisted in the
ranks of this new power, and estranged from his
natural friends. Their brother, the son of their
mother, the wife of their bosom, the friend that was
as their own soul, these were the sworn soldiers
of the " mighty army," that " covered the face
of the whole earth." Next when they began to
interrogate this enemy of Roman greatness, they
found no vague profession among them, no varying
account of themselves, no irregular and uncertain
plan of action or conduct. They were all mem-
bers of strictly and similarly organized societies.
Every one in his own district was the subject of a
new state, of which there was one visible head, and
officers under him. These small kingdoms were
indefinitely multiplied, each of them the fellow of
the other. Wherever the Roman Emperor tra-
velled, there he found these seeming rivals of his
power, the Bishops of the Church. Further, they
one and all refused to obey his orders, and the pre-
scriptive laws of Rome, so far as religion was con-
cerned. The authority of the Pagan Religion,
which in the minds of Romans was identified with
the history of their greatness, was plainly set at
nought by these upstart monarchies. At the same
time they professed and observed a singular
patience and subjection to the civil powers. They
did not stir hand or foot in self-defence ; they sub-
mitted to die, nay, accounted death the greatest
privilege that could be inflicted on them. And
266 WHIT-MONDAY. [Seum.
further, they avowed one and all the same doctrine
clearly and boldly ; and they professed to receive
it from one and the same source. They traced it
up through the continuous line of their Bishops to
certain twelve or fourteen Jews, who professed to
have received it from Heaven. Moreover, they
were bound one to another by the closest ties of
fellow ship ; the society of each place to its ruler,
and their rulers one with another by an intimate
alliance all over the earth. And lastly, in spite of
persecution from without, and occasional dissen-
sions from within, they so prospered, that within
three centuries from their first appearance in the
Empire, they forced its sovereigns to become mem-
bers of their confederation ; nay, nor ended there,
but, as the civil power declined in strength, they
became its patrons instead of its victims, mediated
between it and its barbarian enemies, and after
burying it in peace when its hour came, took its
place, won over the invaders, subdued their kings,
and at length ruled as supreme ; ruled, united under
one head, in the very scenes of their former suffer-
ing, in the territory of the Empire, with Rome itself,
the seat of the Imperial government, as a centre. I
am not entering into the question of doctrine, any
more than of prophecy. I am not inquiring how
far this victorious Kingdom was by this time per-
verted from its original character ; but only direct-
ing attention to the historical phenomenon. How
strange then is the course of the Dispensation!
Five centuries compass the rise and fall of other
XX.] THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS. 267
kingdoms ; but ten were not enough for the full
aggrandisement of this. Its sovereignty was but
commencing, when other powers have run their
course and ^e exhausted. And now to this day,
that original Dynasty, begun by the Apostles, en-
dures. Through all changes of civil affairs, of race,
of language, of opinion, the succession of Rulers
then begun, has lasted on, and still represents in
every country its original founders. " Instead of its
fathers, it has had children, who have been princes
in all lands." Truly, this is the vision of a " stone
cut out without hands" " smiting" the idols of the
world, " breaking them in pieces," scattering them
" like chaff," and, in their place " filling the whole
earth." If there be a Moral Governor over the
world, is there not something unearthly in all this,
something which we are forced to refer to Him
from its marvellousness, something which from its
dignity and greatness bespeaks His hand ?
2. Now, with this wonderful phenomenon before
U8, let us consider well the language of Christ and
His Apostles. In the very infancy of their King-
dom, while travelling through the cities of Israel,
or tossed to and fro as outcasts among the heathen,
they speak confidently, solemnly, calmly, of its
destined growth and triumph. Observe our Lord's
language ; " Jesus came into Galilee, preaching the
Gospel of the Kingdom of God, and saying, The
time is fulfilled, and the Kingdom of God is at
hand ; repent ye, and believe the Gospel." Again,
1
268 WHIT-MONDAY. [Seem.
" Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build
My Church ; and the gates of hell shall not pre-
vail against it." " I appoint unto you a Kingdom,
as My Father hath appointed unto Me ; that ye
may eat and drink at My table in my kingdom,
and sit on thrones, judging the Twelve Tribes of
Israel." " The Kingdom of Heaven is like to a
grain of mustard seed, which a man took and
sowed in his field ; which indeed is the least of all
seeds, but when it is grown, it is the greatest among
Jierbs^ and becometh a tree, so that the birds of the
air come and lodge in the branches thereof r Is it
possible to doubt that Christ contemplated in these
words the overshadowing sovereignty of His king-
dom ? Let it be observed that the figure used is the
same applied by Daniel to the Assyrian Empire.
" The tree that thou sawest," he says to Nebuchad-
nezzar, " which grew and was strong .... upon
whose branches the fowls of the Heaven had their
habitation, it is thou, O King." How wondrously
was the parallel prophecy fulfilled, when the mighty
men of the earth fled for refuge to the Holy Church !
Again, " Go ye into all the world, and preach the
Gospel to every creature. He that believeth and
is baptized shall be saved ; but he that believeth
not shall be damned ^" With what " authority"
He speaks ! What majestic simplicity, what unhe-
* Mark i. 14, 15. Matt. xvi. 18. Luke xxii. 29, 30. Matt.
xiii. 31, 32. Dan. iv. 20. 22. Mark vi. 1.5, IG.
fit. Lu^ <^d.<L '^ c^^d
XX.] THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS. 269
sitating resolve, what commanding superiority is in
His words ! Reflect upon them in connection with
tlie event.
On the other hand, consider in what language He
speaks of that disorganization of society, which was
to attend the establishment of His kingdom. " I
am come to send fire on the earth ; and what will
I, if it be already kindled ? But I have a baptism
to be baptized with, and now am I straitened till it
be accomplished !" " Think not that I am come to
send peace on earth ; I came not to send peace, but
a sword. For I am come to set a man at variance
against his father, and the daughter against her
mother, and the daughter-in-law against the mother-
in-law ; and a man's foes shall be they of his own
household." " The brother shall betray the brother
to death, and the father the son ; and children shall
rise up against their parents, and shall cause them
to be put to death ; and ye shall be hated of all
men for My name's sake. ... In those days, after
that tribulation, the sun shall be darkened, and the
moon shall not give her light, and the stars of
heaven shall fall, and the powers of heaven shall
be shaken ^" In the last words, whatever difficulty
there may be in the chronological arrangement, is
contained a clear announcement under the recog-
nised prophetical symbols, of the destruction, sooner
or later, of existing political institutions. In like
' Luke xii. 49, 50. Matt. x. 34—36. Mark xiii. 12, 13. 24, 25.
270 WHIT-MONDAY. [Serm.
manner, observe how St. Paul takes for granted the
troubles which were coming on the earth, and the
rise of the Christian Church amidst them, and rea-
sons on all this as if already realized. " Now hath
He promised, saying. Yet once more I shake not
the earth only, but also heaven. And this word, yet
once more, signifieth the removing of those things
that are shaken, as of things that are made, that
those things which cannot be shaken may remain.
Wherefore we receiving a Kingdom which cannot
be moved, let us have grace, whereby we may serve
God acceptably with reverence and godly fear ^"
The language, of which the above is but a speci-
men, is the more remarkable, because neither Christ
nor His Apostles looked forward to these wonderful
changes with exultation, but with a deep feeling of
mingled joy and sadness, as foreboding those miser-
able corruptions in the Church, which all Christians
allow to have since taken place, though they may
differ in their account of them. " Because iniquity
shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold . . .
There shall arise false Christs and false prophets,
and shall show great signs and wonders ; insomuch
that, if it were possible, they thall deceive the very
elect. Behold, I have told you before." " In the
last days, perilous times shall come. For men shall
be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, . . .
traitors, heady, highminded . . . having a form of
' Heb. xii. 26—28.
XX.] THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS. 271
godliness, but denying the power thereof. . . . Evil
men and seducers shall wax worse and worse,
deceiving and being deceived '."
Now, if we had nothing more to bring forward
than the two considerations which have been here
insisted on, the singular history of Christianity, and
the clear and confident anticipation of it by its first
preachers, we should have enough of evidence, one
would think, to subdue the most diflficult inquirer to
a belief of its divinity. But, to-morrow we will see,
please God, whether something may not be added
to the above view of it.
' Matt. xxiv. 12. 24, 25. 2 Tim. Hi. 1—5. 13.
SERMON XXL
TUESDAY IN WHITSUN WEEK.
THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS.
Dan. ii. 35.
The stone that smote the Image, became a great Mountain,
and filled the whole earth.
Yesterday I drew your notice to the outlines of
the history of the Church, and the clear and precise
anticipation of it, by our Lord and His Apostles.
The Gospel Dispensation is confessedly a singular
phenomenon in human affairs; singular, whether
we consider the extent it occupies in history, the
harmony of its system, the consistency of its design,
its contrariety to the existing course of things, and
success in spite of that contrariety, and lastly, the
avowed intention of its first preachers to effect those
objects, which it really has attained. They pro-
fessed to be founding a Kingdom ; a new Kingdom,
different from any that had been before, as disclaim-
ing the use of force, — in this world, yet not of this
world, — while it was to be, notwithstanding, of an
aggressive and encroaching character, an empire of
XXL] THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS. 273
conquest and aggrandizement, destroying all former
powers, and itself standing for ever. Infidels often
object to us, that our interpretation of the Scripture
prophecies concerning Christ's Kingdom, is after
all but allegorical, and therefore evasive. Not so ;
we are on the whole willing to take our stand on their
literal fulfilment. Christ preached that " the king-
dom of God was at hand." He founded it, and
made Peter and the other Apostles His Vice-gerents
in it after His departure, and He announced its in-
definite extension, and its unlimited duration. And,
in matter of fact, it exists to this day, with its
government vested in the very dynasty which His
Apostles began, and its territory spread over more
than the world then known to the Jews; with
varying success indeed in times and places, and
varying consistency and unanimity within; yet,
after making every allowance for such partial fail-
ures, strictly a visible power, with a political influence
founded on invisible pretensions. Thus the antici-
pations of its founders ^re unparalleled in their
novelty, their boldness, and their correctness. To
continue our review.
3. If the Christian Church has spread its branches
high and wide over the earth, its roots are fixed as
deep below the surface. The intention of Christ
and His Apostles, on which I have dwelt, is itself
but the accomplishment of ancient prophecy.
First, let it be observed that there was an exist-
ing belief among the heathen, at the time of its
VOL. II. T
274 WHIT-TUESDAY. [Serm.
rise, that out of the East a new Empire of the world
was destined to issue \ This rumour, however
originating, was known at Rome, the then seat of
dominion, and is recorded by a Roman historian.
Next, it became matter, (as it would seem,) for
heathen poetry. The most celebrated of Roman
poets has foretold the coming of a new Kingdom of
peace and righteousness under the rule of a divine
and divinely favoured King, who was to be bom into
the world. Could it be maintained that he wrote
from his own imagination, not from existing tradi-
tions, this would not at all diminish the marvel, as
not in any measure tending to account for it. In that
case, the poet would but take his place among the
Prophets. Further, if we admit St. Matthew's tes-
timony, which we have no excuse for doubting, we
must believe, that, just at the time of Christ's birth,
certain Eastern Sages came to Jerusalem in search
of a child, of whom they expected great things, and
whom they desired to worship in His cradle. And
lastly, another Eastern Sage, fourteen hundred years
before, had declared, heathen though he was, and
uninterested in the event, that " a Star should
come out of Jacob, and a Sceptre should rise out of
Israel, . . . that out of Jacob should come He that
should have dominion ^" Now, whether this last
prophecy be faithfully recorded by Moses or not, so
' Vid. Horsley's Dissertation on the Prophecies among the
Heathen.
* Numb. xxiv. 17. 19.
XXI.] THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS. 275
far is clear, and not a little remarkable, that the
Jewish traditions concerning the expected Empire
profess to take their rise in heathen sources K It is
a clear coincidence with the fact, already adverted
to, of the prevalence of such predictions among the
heathen at the time of Christ's coming.
While such was the testimony of enemies and
strangers to this destined rise of a prosperous Em-
pire from Judaea, much more full and varied are
the predictions of it delivered by the natives of that
country themselves. These, as contained in our
holy books, have been again and again illustrated
by Christian writers, and neither need nor admit of
enumeration here. I will but cite one or two pas-
sages by way of reminding you of them. " Ask of
Me, and I shall give Thee the heathen for Thine
inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth
for Thy possession. Thou shalt break them with a
rod of iron ; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a
potter's vessel." " Gird Thy sword upon Thy thigh,
O most Mighty, with Thy glory and Thy majesty.
And in Thy majesty ride prosperously, because of
truth, and meekness, and righteousness ; and Thy
right hand shall teach Thee terrible things. Thine
arrows are sharp in the heart of the King's enemies,
whereby the people fall under Thee . . . Instead of
' Gen. xlix. 10, does not speak of conquest or empire, so
clearly as to constitute an exception ; much less Gen. xii. 2, 3.
and xxviii. 14, which could scarcely be so interpreted, except
after other and clearer prophecies.
. t2
276 WHIT-TUESDAY. [Sbrm.
Thy fathers shall be Thy children, whom Thou
mayest make princes in all the earth." " The Lord
shall send the rod of Thy strength out of Zion;
rule Thou in the midst of Thine enemies . . . The
Lord at thy right hand shall strike through kings
in the day of His wTath." " It shall come to pass
in the last days, that the Mountain of the Lord's
House shall be established in the top of the moun-
tains, and shall be exalted above the hills ; and all
nations shall flow unto it ; . . . Out of Zion shall
go forth the Law, and the Word of the Lord from
Jerusalem. And He shall judge among the nations,
and shall rebuke many people ; and they shall
beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears
into pruning hooks ; nation shall not lift up sword
against nation, neither shall they learn war any
more." " It is a light thing that Thou shouldest
be My servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob, and
to restore the preserved of Israel. I will also give
Thee for a light to the Gentiles, that Thou shouldest
be My salvation unto the end of the earth." And
almost in the same words, the aged Simeon recog-
nises in the infant Jesus, the Lord's promised " sal-
vation, a light to lighten the Gentiles, and the glory
of His people Israel \" In these passages the pre-
dictions of bloody revolution and of peace, are as
strangely combined, as in our Lord's account of His
Kingdom, as being at once a refuge and consolation,
^ Ps. ii. 8, 9. xlv. 3—5. 16. ex. 2. 5. Is. ii. 2—4. xlix. 6.
Luke ii. 30—32.
XXL] THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS. 277
and a sword. Maintain, if you will, that they have
not hitherto been so fully accomplished in its history
as is conceivable ; yet, in matter of fact, has not this
twofold character of the Dispensation been in such
measure realized, as substantially answers to the
words of the prediction ? Consider only the wars
and tumults of the middle ages, of which the Church
was the occasion, and at the same time, its salutary
influence upon the fierce and lawless soldiers who
then filled the thrones of Europe. Take the Pro-
phecy, take the History ; and say fairly, whether, in
accordance with the Scripture prospect, we do not
actually find in the centuries I speak of, a political
power, making vassals of the kings of the earth,
humbling them beneath its feet, affording matter of
endless strife, yet acting as the very bond of peace,
as far as peace was really attained. How truly have
" the sons of them that afflicted" the Church, " come
bending unto her; and they that despised her,
bowed themselves at the soles of her feet V and
" the enemies of Christ been made His footstool !"
It may help us in entering into the state of the
case, to consider what our surprise would be, did we
in the course of our researches into history, find any
resemblance to this prophetic forecast in the annals
of other kingdoms. Even one poor coincidence in
the history of Rome, viz. of the anticipated and the
actual duration of its greatness, does not fail to
1 Is. Ix. 14.
278 WHIT-TUESDAY. [Serm.
arrest our attention. We know that even before the
Christian era, it was the opinion of the Roman
Augurs, that the twelve vultures which Romulus
had seen previous to the foundation of the city, re-
presented the twelve centuries, assigned as the limit
of its power ; an anticipation which was singularly
fulfilled by the event '. Yet what is this solitary
fact to the series of varied and circumstantial pro-
phecies which ushered in, and were fulfilled in
Christianity ? Extend the twelve centuries of Ro-
man dominion to an additional half of that period,
preserve its monarchical form inviolate, whether
from aristocratic or popular innovation from first to
last, and trace back the predictions concerning it,
through an antecedent period, nearly of the same
duration, and then you will have assimilated its
history — not altogether, but in one or two of its
features, to the characteristics of the Gospel Dispen-
sation. As it is, this Roman wonder only serves
to assist the imagination in embracing the marvel-
lousness of those systematic prophecies concerning
Christ's kingdom, which, from their number, variety,
succession, and contemporary influence, may almost
' Vid. Gibbon, ch. xxxv. fin. The ancient prediction con-
cerning the fortunes of Russia is a more remarkable instance.
A brazen equestrian statue, which had been originally in An-
tioch, is said by historians of the beginning of the 12th century
to be *' inscribed with a prophecy, how the Russians in the last
days should become masters of Constantinople." Vid. Gibbon,
ch. Iv.
XXL] THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS. 279
be accounted in themselves, and without reference
to their fulfilment, a complete and independent
dispensation.
4. Lastly, the course of Providence co-operated
with this scheme of prophecy; God's word and hand
went too-ether. The state of the Jews for the last
o
four hundred years before Christ was a preparation
deliberately carried on for that which was to follow;
just as the wanderings of Abraham and his heirs,
the descent into Egypt, and the captivity there, for
the same period, constituted a process introductory
to the establishment of the Jewish Church. Con-
sider the nature of this preparation : the overthrow
of the nation by the Chaldeans, issued in the dis-
persion of its members all over the civilized world,
so that in all the principal cities Jewish communi-
ties existed, which gradually attracted to their faith
Gentile converts, and were in one way or other the
nucleus of the Christian Church, when the Gospel
was at length published. Now, here, I would first
direct your attention to this strange connexion,
which is visible at first sight between the dispersion
,. of the Jews and the propagation of Christianity.
Does not such a manifest appearance of cause and
effect look very much like an indication of design ?
Next, I remark that this dispersion was later than
the predictions concerning the Christian Church
contained in the Jewish Scriptures ; which in con-
sequence cannot be charged with borrowing the
idea of it from any actual disposition of things.
280 WHIT-TUESDAY. [Seem.
And further, let it be observed that the disposition
arose from the apparent frustration of all their
hopes ; a signal instance, as it would seem, of an
overruling Providence, which would not be defeated
as regards its object, in spite of the failure of those
instruments, in which alone a human eye could see
the means of accomplishing it.
Before concluding, I must explain myself on one
point which has been incidentally mentioned more
than once in the foregoing remarks, viz. as to the
connection between the temporal fortunes of the
Church, in the middle ages, and the inspired pre-
dictions concerning it. It may seem, before due
attention has been given to the subject, as if no
one but a member of the Roman Communion could
regard them as parts of the Divine Dispensation;
I therefore observe as follows : —
There is a considerable analogy between the
history of (what is called) the Papacy and that of
the Israelitish monarchy. That monarchy was per-
versely demanded, and presumptuously realized by
the nation, when God had not led the way ; it ter-
minated in the dissolution of the federal union of
the Tribes, the corruption of the people, and the
ruin of their temporal power. Nevertheless, it
cannot be denied, that in one sense that kingdom
was the scope of the Mosaic Institutions \ and a
fulfilment of prophecy. Its kings were many of
' Deut. xvii. 14 — 20.
XXL] THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS. 281
them highly favoured in themselves, and types
of the promised Saviour ; and their government
and subjects were singularly blessed. Consider
the circumstances attendant upon the building of
the Temple. This may be accounted as the most
glorious event in their history, the fruit of Moses'
anxieties and David's labours, the completion and
resting-place of the whole Dispensation, and the
pledge of the more spiritual blessedness which was
to come. Connect it with Solomon's reign, its
peace and prosperity, — on the other hand with its
voluptuousness, its departure from the simplicity
of the Mosaic Law, — with Solomon's personal cha-
racter, degenerating from faith and purity into sins
which we are not given to fathom. Are we able
rightly to adjust the relation between the blessings
destined for Israel, and the actual prosperity and
greatness of this kingdom set up in rebellion against
God, so as to be able to say how far it was recog-
nised in His counsels, how far not ? Can we draw
the line between God's work and man's work?
I am not maintaining that the case of the Papacy
is parallel to that of the Jewish Monarchy ; nay, I
do not introduce the latter for the sake of the
analogy at all, be it stronger or fainter ; but merely
in order to show that it is possible for certain events
to be in some sort a fulfilment of prophecy, without
considering every part of them, the manner of their
accomplishment, the circumstances, the instruments,
and the like, to be approved by God. The Latin
2S2 WHIT-TUESDAY. [Seem.
ecclesiastical system of the middle ages may be,
for what we know, the shadow, dark indeed and
shapeless, still the shadow of that gracious design,
which would have been accomplished, had Christ-
ians possessed faith enough to keep closely to God's
revealed will. For what we know, it was intended
that all the kingdoms of the earth should have been
made subject to the spiritual rule of the Church.
The presumption of man defeated this purpose ; but
it could not so far defeat it, but some sort of fulfil-
ment took place. The mustard-plant, stopped in its
natural growth, shot out irregular branches. Satan
could not hinder, he could but corrupt the kingdom
promised to the Saints. He could but seduce them
to trust in an arm of flesh. He could but sow the
seeds of decay among them by alluring them to
bow down to " Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zido-
nians, and Milcom the abomination of the Ammo-
nites ;" to take a king over them like the nations,
" when the Lord was their king." Had it not been
for this falling away in divers times and places,
surely Christendom would not be in its present
miserable state of disunion and weakness ; nor the
prophecies respecting it have issued in any degree
in defeat and disappointment. Still, dim and par-
tial as is their fulfilment, there is more than enough,
even in what is and has been, to attest in the Church
the presence of that Almighty Hand, whose very
failures (so to say) and losses are deeds of victory
and triumph.
XXI.] THE KINGDOM OF THE SAINTS. 283
As for ourselves, what was the exact measure of
the offences of our forefathers in the faith, when
they tired of the Christian Theocracy, and clothed
the church with " the purple robe" of Caesar, it
avails not to determine. Not denying their sin,
still, after contemplating the glories of the Temple
which they built, we may well bewail our present
fallen state, — the Priests and Levites, and chief of
the Fathers, all of us " weeping with a loud voice,"
though the many shout for joy, — " praising" indeed,
and " giving thanks unto the Lord, because He is
good, for His mercy endureth for ever toward
Israel S" not undervaluing the blessings we have,
yet humbling ourselves as the sinful offspring of
sinful parents, who from the first have resisted and
frustrated the grace of God, and seeing in the pre-
sent feebleness and blindness of the Church, the
tokens of His righteous judgments upon us; yet
withal, from His continued mercies towards us,
drawing the comfortable hope, that for His Son's
sake He will not forsake us in time to come, and
cherishing a sure trust, that, if we " give Him no
rest" by our services of prayer and good works. He
will at length, even yet, though doubtless in a way
which we cannot understand, " establish and make .
Jerusalem a praise in the earth." /7/^ ,, * | 2.^/^ 7
' Ezra Hi. 11, 12.
SERMON XXII.
THE FEAST OF THE HOLY TRINITY.
THE GOSPEL, A TRUST COMMITTED TO US.
1 Tim. vi. 20, 21.
O Timothy, keep that which is committed to Thy trust, avoid-
ing profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science,
falsely so called ; which some professing, have erred con-
cerning the Faith.
These words are addressed in the first place to the
Ministers of the Gospel in the person of Timothy ;
yet they contain a serious command and warning
for all Christians. For all of us, high and low, in our
measure are responsible for the safe-keeping of the
Faith. We have all an equal interest in it, no one
less than another, though an Order of men has
been especially set apart for the duty of guarding it.
If we Ministers of Christ guard it not, it is oui' sin,
but it is ^our loss, my brethren ; and as any private
person would feel that his duty and his safety lay
in giving alarm of a fire or of a robbery in the city
where he dwelt, though there were ever so many
special officers appointed for the purpose, so doubt-
THE GOSPEL, A TRUST COMMITTED TO US. 285
less, every one of us is bound in his place to contend
for the Faith, and to have an eye to its safe cus-
tody. If indeed the Faith of Christ were vague,
indeterminate, a matter of opinion or deduction,
then, indeed, we may well conceive that the Minis-
ters of the Gospel would be the only due expounders
and guardians of it; then it might be fitting for
private Christians to wait till they were informed
concerning the best mode of expressing it, or the
relative importance of this or that part of it. But
this has been all settled long ago; the Gospel
Faith is a definite deposit, — a treasure, common to
all, one and the same in every age, conceived in set
words, and such as admits of being received, pre-
served, transmitted. We may safely leave the cus-
tody of it even in the hands of individuals ; for in so
doing, we are leaving nothing at all to private
rashness and fancy, to pride, debate, and strife.
We are but allowing men to " contend earnestly
for the Faith once delivered to the Saints;" the
Faith which was put into their hands one by one at
their baptism, in a form of words called the Creed,
and which has come down to them in that very
same form from the first ages. This Faith is what
even the humblest member of the Church may and
must contend for ; and in proportion to his educa-
tion, will the circle of his knowledge enlarge. The
Creed delivered to him in Baptism will then unfold,
first, into the Nicene Creed (as it is called,) then
into the Athanasian ; and, according as his power
28G TRINITY SUNDAY. [Serm.
of grasping the sense of its articles increases, so
will it become his duty to contend for them in their
fuller and more accurate form. All these unfold-
ings of the Gospel Doctrine will become to him
precious as the original articles, because they are
in fact nothing more or less than the one true ex-
planation of them, delivered down to us from the
first ages, together with the original Baptismal or
Apostles' Creed itself. As all nations confess to
the existence of a God, so all branches of the
Church confess to the Gospel doctrine ; as the
tradition of men witnesses to a Moral Governor
and Judge, so the tradition of Saints witnesses to
the Father Almighty, and His only Son, and the
Holy Ghost. And as neither the superstitions of
polytheism, nor the atheistic extravagances of par-
ticular countries at particular times, practically
interfere with our reception of the one message
which the sons of Adam deliver ; so, much less, do
the local heresies and temporary errors of the early
Church, and its superadded corruptions, its schis-
matic offshoots, or its partial defections in later
ages, impair the evidence and the claim of its
teaching, in the judgment of those who sincerely
wish to know the Truth once delivered to it.
Blessed be God ! we have not to find the Truth, it
is put into our hands ; we have but to commit it
to our hearts, to preserve it inviolate, and to deliver
it over to our posterity.
This then is the meaning of St. Paul's injunction
XXII.] THE GOSPEL, A TRUST COMMITTED TO US. 287
in the text, given at the time when the Truth was
first published. "Keep that which is committed
to thy trust," or rather, " keep the Deposit ;" turn
away from those " profane emptinesses" which pre-
tenders to philosophy and science bring forward
against it. Do not be moved by them ; do not
alter your Creed for them ; for the end of such
men is error. They go on disputing and refining,
giving new meanings, modifying received ones, still
with the idea of the True Faith in their minds as
the scope of their inquiries; but at length they
" miss" it. They shoot on one side of it, and em-
brace a deceit of their own instead of it.
By the Faith is evidently meant, as St. Paul's
words show, some definite doctrine ; not a mere
temper of mind or principle of action, much less,
vaguely, the Christian cause; and accordingly,
in his Second Epistle to Timothy, the Apostle men-
tions as his comfort in the view of death, that he
had " kept the Faith." >■ In the same Epistle he
describes it more particularly as " the Form" or
outline " of sound words,'" " the excellent Deposit ;"
phrases, which show that the Deposit certainly was
a series of truths and rules of some sort, (whether
only doctrinal, or preceptive also, and ecclesiasti-
cal,) and which, are accurately descriptive of the
formulary since called the Apostles' Creeds And
these same sacred truths which Timothy had re-
' Vid. also, among other passages, 1 John ii. 21 — 27, which
refers to nothing short of a definite doctrine ; e. g. " Let that
1
288 TRINITY SUNDAY. [Serm.
ceived in trust, he was bid " commit" in turn " to
faithful men," who should be " able to teach others
also." By God's grace, he was enabled so to com-
mit them; and they being thus transmitted from
generation to generation, have through God's con-
tinued mercy, reached even unto us, " upon whom
the ends of the world are come."
' I propose, in what follows, to set before you, the
account given us in Scripture of this Apostolic
Faith ; being led to do so on the one hand by the
Day, on which we commemorate its fundamental
doctrine, and on the other, by the mistaken views
entertained of it by many persons in this day,
which seem to require notice.
Perhaps it may be right first to state what these
erroneous opinions are; which I will do briefly.
They are not novel, as scarcely any religious error
can be, and assuredly what has once or twice died
away in former times, will come to its end in like
manner once more. I do not speak, as if I feared
it could overcome the Ancient Truth once delivered
to the Saints ; but still, our watchfulness and care
are the means appointed for its overthrow, and
are not superseded but rather encouraged and
roused by the anticipation of ultimate success.
It is a fashion of the day, then, to suppose that
therefore abide in you, which ye have Aeard from the beginning."
Again, 2 Tim. ii. 18, " Who concerning the Truth have erred,
saying that the Resurrection is past already, and overthrow the
faith of some."
XXII.] THE GOSPEL, A TRUST COMMITTED TO US. 289
all insisting upon precise Articles of Faith, is inju-
rious to the cause of spiritual religion, and incon-
sistent with an enlightened view of it ; that it is
all one to maintain, that the Gospel requires the
reception of definite and positive Articles, and to
acknowledge it to be technical and formal ; that
such a notion is superstitious, and interferes with
the " liberty wherewith Christ has made us free ;"
that it argues a deficient insight into the principles
and ends, a narrow comprehension of the spirit of
His revelation. Accordingly, instead of accepting
reverently the doctrinal Truths which have come
down to us, an attempt is made by the reasoners
of this age to compare them together, to weigh
and measure them, to analyze, simplify, refashion
them ; to reduce them to system, to arrange them
into primary and secondary, to harmonize them
into an intelligible dependence upon each other.
The teacher of Christianity, instead of delivering its
Mysteries, and, (as far as may be) unfolding them,
is taught to scrutinize them, with a view of sepa-
rating the inward holy sense from the form of
words, in which the Spirit has indissolubly lodged
them. He asks himself, what is the iise of the
message which has come down to him ; what the
comparative value of this or that part of it. He
proceeds to assume that there is some one end of
his ministerial labours, such as to be ascertainable
by him, some one revealed object of God's dealings
with man in the Gospel. Then, perhaps he arbi-
VOL. II. u
290 TRINITY SUNDAY. [Serm.
trarily assigns this to be the salvation of the world,
or the conversion of sinners. Next he measures
all the Scripture doctrines by their respective
sensible tendency to effect this end. He goes on
to discard or degrade this or that sacred truth as
superfluous in consequence, or of inferior import-
ance ; and throws the stress of his teaching upon
one or other, which he pronounces to contain
in it the essence of the Gospel, and on which he
rests all others which he retains. Lastly, he re-
constructs the language of theology to suit his
(so-called) improved views of Scripture doctrine.
For instance, you will meet with writers who
consider that all the Attributes and Providences of
God are virtually expressed in the one proposition
" God is Love ;" the other notices of His Unap-
proachable Glory contained in Scripture being but
modifications of this. In consequence they are led
on to deny, first, the doctrine of eternal punish-
ment, as being inconsistent with this notion of
Infinite Love; next, resolving such expressions
as the " wrath of God" into a figure of speech, they
deny the Atonement, viewed as a real reconciliation
of an offended God to His creatures. Or, again,
they say that the object of the Gospel Revelation is
merely practical, and therefore, that theological
doctrines are altogether unnecessary, mere specula-
. tions, and hindrances to the extension of religion ;
or, if not purely injurious, at least requiring modi-
fication. Hence, you may hear them ask, " what is
XXII] THE GOSPEL, A TRUST COMMITTED TO US. 291
the harm of being a Sabellian, or Arian ? how does
it affect the moral character ?" Or, again, they say
that the great end of the Gospel, is the union of
hearts in the love of Christ and each other, and
that in consequence, Creeds are but fetters on souls
which have received the Spirit of Adoption ; that
Faith is a mere temper and a principle, not the ac-
ceptance for Christ's sake of a certain collection of
Articles. Others, again, have rested the whole
Gospel upon the doctrines of the Atonement, and
Sanctification. And others, have seemed to make
the doctrine of Justification by Faith the one
cardinal point, upon which the gates of life open
and shut. Let so much suffice in explanation of
the drift of the following remarks.
St. Paul, I repeat, bids us hold fast the Faith
which is entrusted to our custody ; and that Faith is
a " Form of sound words," an " Outline," which it
is our duty, according to our opportunities, to fill
up and complete in all its parts. Now, let us see
how much the very text of Scripture will yield us
of these elementary lines of Truth, of the un-
changeable Apostolic Rule of Faith, of which we
are bound to be so jealous.
Its essential doctrine of course is what St. John
terms generally " the doctrine of Christ," and
which, in the case of every one calling himself
Christian, is the profession necessary, (as he tells .
us,) for our receiving him into our houses. St.
u 2
292 TRINITY SUNDAY. [Srrm.
Paul speaks in much the same compendious way
concerning the Gospel Faith, when he says, " Other
foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which
is Jesus, the Christ." However, in an earlier passage
of the same Epistle, he speaks more explicitly ; " I
L^ ^S^ determined not to know any thing among you, save
iTvA^*- jggyg Christ, and Him crucified." Thus the cru-
cifixion of Christ was one essential part of the out-
line of sound words preached and delivered by the
Apostle. In his Epistle to the Romans, he adds
another article of faith ; " If thou shalt confess
with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe
in thine heart that God hath raised Him from the
I t'^. dead, thou shalt be saved." Here then the doctrine
^ r «^**' of the Resurrection is added to that of the Cruci-
fixion. Elsewhere he says; "There is One God,
and One Mediator between God and men, the
Man Christ Jesus, who gave Himself a ransom
z-;^ for all to be testified in due time ; even whereunto
I am ordained a preacher." Here Christ's Media-
tion and Atonement are added as doctrines of
Apostolical preaching. Further, towards the end
of an Epistle already quoted, he speaks still more
distinctly of the Gospel which he had preached,
and had delivered over to his converts ; and which
he adds all the other Apostles preached also. " I
put into your hands, first of all, what had before
been put into mine, how that Christ died for our
sins according to the Scriptures, and that He was
!3^
XXII. ] THE GOSPEL, A TRUST COMMITTED TO US. 293
buried, and that He rose again the third day ac-
cording to the Scriptures \" Here we even find an
approximation to the Articles of the Creed, as the
Church has ever worded them.
But the letter of Scripture gives us still further
insight into the subjects of the sacred Deposit, of
which St. Paul speaks in the text. In the course
of the very Epistle in which it occurs, he delivers
to Timothy a more explicit " form of sound words"
than any I have cited from his writings. He writes
to tell him " how to conduct himself in the Church
of the Living God," which he had to govern, and
how to preserve it as " the pillar and ground of the ^
Truth;" and proceeds to remind him what that ^:U ' ^
Truth is. " God was manifested in the flesh, justi- ^ /^*^
fied in the Spirit, seen of Angels, preached unto the ']
Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into i; M . "
glory." Here is mention, among other doctrines, l$x^fy f
of the Incarnation and the Ascension. It seems '->
then to have been an article of the original Apos-
tles' Creed, that Christ was not a mere man, but
God incarnate. In like manner, when the Ethio-
pian asked to be baptized, and Philip said he might
if he " believed with all his heart," this was his
confession ; " I believe that Jesus Christ is the
Son of God." This, it should be observed, is his con-
fession, qfler Philip had " preached unto him Jesus ^."
' 2 John 9—11. 1 Cor. iii. 11. ii. 2. Rom. x. 9. 1 Tim.
ii. 5—7. 1 Cor. xv. 3. 4.
* 1 Tim. iii. 15, IG. Acts viii. 35 — 37.
294 TRINITY SUNDAY. [Serm.
Now, let us pass on to the very words in which
that Baptism itself was administered ; words, which
the Eunuch might not understand indeed at the
time, but which were then committed to him to feed
upon in his heart by faith, and, by the influence of
the grace at the same time given, gradually to enter
into. Those words were first ordained by Christ
Himself, as some mysterious key by which the
kk^'J^ fountains of grace might be opened upon the bap-
^ ^ tismal water, — " In the Name of the Father, and
q *^cr of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost;" and they
(V^ show that not only the doctrine of Christ, but
that of the Trinity also, formed an essential portion
of the Sacred Treasure, of which the Church was
ordained to be the Preacher. Lastly, in the
(■^ c^Epistle to the Hebrews, we are presented with an
11 enumeration of some other of the fundamental
"^j^'^j^ Articles of Faith, which the Apostles delivered.
'■* /J^aA^^I St. Paul therein speaks oi ^^ the foundation of Re-
^ij^'^^A pentance from dead works, and of Faith towards
4-4i God, of the doctrine of Baptisms, and of Laying
on of hands, and of Resurrection of the dead, and
of Eternal Judgment \"
Observe then, how many Articles of that Faith,
which the Church has ever confessed, are inci-
dentally brought before us as such, and delivered
as such in very form, in the course of Scripture
' Matt, xxviii. 19. Heb. vi. 1, 2. Vid. also 2 Tim. ii.
16 — 18, above referred to.
>|*^;
XXII.] THE GOSPEL, A TRUST COMMITTED TO US. 295
narrative and precept ; — the doctrine of the Trinity ;
of the Incarnation of the Son of God, His Media-
torship, His Atonement for our sins on the Cross,
His Death, Burial, Resurrection on the third day,
and Ascension; of Pardon on Repentance, Bap-
tism as the instrument of it, Imposition of hands,
the General Resurrection, and the Judgment once f -
for all. I might also appeal to such passages as
that in the First Epistle to the Corinthians, where
St. Paul says, " To us there is One God the Father,
.... and One Lord Jesus Christ ' ;" but I wished
to confine myself to texts in which the doctrines
specified are expressly introduced as portions of a
Formulary or Confession, committed or accepted,
whether on the part of Ministers of the Church
at Ordination, or of each member of it when he
was baptized.
It may be proper to add, that the history of the
Primitive Church altogether concurs in this view of
the nature of Gospel Faith, which Scripture sets
before us. I mean, we have sufficient evidence
that, in matter of fact, such Creeds as St. Paul's
did exist in its various branches, not differing from
each other, except, (for instance,) as the Lord's
Prayer in St. Matthew's Gospel differs from St.
Luke's version of it ; that this one and the same
Faith, was committed to every Christian every
where on his baptism : and that it was considered as
' 1 Cor. viii. 6.
296 TRINITY SUNDAY. [Sbrm.
the especial trust of the Church of each place and
of its Bishop, as having been received by continual
transmission from its original Founder, whether
Apostle or Evangelist.
Enough has been already said by way of proving
from Scripture, how precise, positive, manifold, are
the Articles of our Faith, and how St. Paul insists
on this their definiteness and minuteness ; enough
to show that we may not slur them over, nor heap
them together confusedly, nor tamper with them,
with the profaneness either of carelessness or of
curious disputing, — in a word, that they are sacred.
But this sacred character of our trust may be shown
by several distinct considerations, which shall now
be set before you.
1. First, from the very circumstance that it is a
trust. The plain and simple reason for our preach-
ing and preserving the Faith, is because we have
been told to do so. It is an act of mere obedience
to Him who has " put us in trust with the Gospel."
Our one great concern as regards it, is to deliver it
over safe. This is the end in view, which all men
have before them, who are any how trusted in
worldly matters. " It is required in stewards, that
a man be found faithful \" Our Lord had said,
that " this Gospel of the Kingdom shall be
preached in all the world as a witness unto all na-
tions." Accordingly, His Apostle declares, speak-
• I Cor. iv. 2.
XXII.] THE GOSPEL, A TRUST COMMITTED TO us. 297
ing of his persecutions, " None of these things
move me, ... so that I might finish . . . the Minis-
try which I have received of the Lord Jesus, fully
to witness the Gospel of the grace of God." And
again, when his departure is at hand, he comforts
himself with the reflection, that he has " kept the
Faith \" To keep the Faith in the world till the
end, may, for what we know, be a sufficient object
of our preaching and confessing, though nothing
more come of it. Hence then the force of the words
addressed to Timothy ; " Hold fast," " keep ;"
" This charge I commit unto thee ;" " continue
thou in the things entrusted thee ;" " put the bre-
thren in remembrance ;" " commit thou the same
to faithful men ;" " refuse profane and old wives'
fables ;" " shun profane vain-talking ;" " avoid
foolish and unlearned questions." Were there no
other reason for the Articles of the Creed being
held sacred, their being a trust would be sufficient.
Till we feel that we have a trust, a treasure to trans-
mit, for the safety of which we are answerable, we
have missed one chief peculiarity in our actual
position. Yet did men feel this adequately, they
would have little heart to indulge in the random
speculations which at present are so familiar to their
minds.
2. This sense of the seriousness of our charge is
increased by considering, that after all we do not
' Matt. xxiv. 14. Acts xx. 21. 2 Tim. iv. 7.
298 TRINITY SUNDAY. [Sekm.
know, and cannot form a notion, what is the real
final object of the Gospel Revelation. Men are
accustomed to say, that it is the salvation of the
world, which it certainly is not. If, instead of this,
we say that Christ came " to purify unto Himself a
peculiar people," then indeed, we speak a great
Truth ; but this, though a main end of our preach-
ing, is not its simple and ultimate object. Rather,
as far as we afe told at all, that object is the glory
of God ; but we cannot understand what is meant
by this, or how the Dispensation of the Gospel pro-
motes it. It is enough for us that we must act
with the simple thought of God before us, make
all ends subordinate to this, and leave the event
to Him. We know, indeed, to our great comfort,
that we cannot preach in vain. His heavenly word
" shall not return unto Him void, but shall prosper
in the thing whereto He sent it." Still it is surely
our duty to preach, " whether men will hear, or
whether they will forbear." We must preach, as
our Lord enjoins in a text already quoted, " as a
witness." Accordingly He Himself, before the hea-
then Pilate, " bore witness unto the Truth ;" and
St. Paul conjures us to keep our sacred charge as
in the presence of Him, who " before Pontius Pilate
witnessed a good confession." Doubtless, His glory
is set forth in some mysterious way in the rejection,
as well as in the reception of the Gospel ; and we
must co-operate with Him. We must co-operate so
far, as to be content to wound as well as to heal, to
XXII.] THE GOSPEL, A TRUST COMMITTED TO US. 299
condemn as well as to absolve. We must not shrink
from being " a savour of death unto death," as well
as " of life unto life." We must stedfastly believe,
however painful may be the duty, that we are in
either case offering up a " sweet savour of Christ
unto God, both in them that are saved, and in
them that perish." We must learn to acquiesce
and concur in the order of God's Providence, and
bear to rejoice over great Babylon and her inhabit-
ants, when the wrath of God has fallen upon her.
This consideration is an answer to those who
would limit our message to what is influential and
convincing in it, and measure its divinity by its
success. But I have introduced it rather to show
generally, how utterly we are in the dark about the
whole subject ; and therefore, as being in the dark,
how necessary it is to gird our garments about us,
and hold fast our treasure, and hasten forward, lest
we betray our trust. We have no means of know-
ing how far a small mistake in the Faith may carry
us astray. If we do not know, why it is to be pro-
claimed to all, though all will not hear, much less
do we know why this or that doctrine is revealed,
or what is the importance of it. The grant of grace
in Baptism follows upon the accurate enunciation
of one or two words ; and if so much depends on
one sacred observance, even down to the letter in
which it is committed to us, why should not at least
the substantial sense of other truths, nay, even the
primitive wording of them, have some especial claim
300 TRINITY SUNDAY. [Serm.
upon the Church's safe guardianship of them ? St.
Paul's articles of belief are precise and individual ;
why should we not take them as we find them ?
Why should we be wise above that is written?
Why should we not be thankful that a work is put
upon us which is so plainly within our power, to
hold the Gospel Truths, to count and note them,
to feed upon them, to hand them on? However
wilful and feverish minds have not the wisdom to
trust divine teaching. They persist in saying that
Articles of belief are mere formalities ; and that to
preach and transmit them is to miss the conversion
of the heart in faith and holiness. They would
rather rouse emotions, with the view (as they hope)
of changing the character. Forgetful that tempers
and states of mind are things seen by God alone,
and when really spiritual, the work of His Unseen
Spirit, and beyond the power of man to ensure or
ascertain, they put upon themselves what man
cannot do. They think it a light thing to be sowers
of that heavenly seed, which He shall make spring-
up in the hearer's heart to life eternal. They are
willing to throw it aside as something barren and
worthless, as the sand of the sea shore ; and they
desire to plant the flowers of grace, (or what appear
such,) in one another's hearts, as though under
their assiduous culture they could take root therein.
Far different is the example set us in the services of
the Church ! In the Office for Baptism the Articles
of the Creed are recited one by one, that the infant
XXII.] THE GOSPEL, A TRUST COMMITTED TO US. 301
Christian may be put in charge of every jot and
tittle of the sacred Covenant, which he inherits. In
the Communion Service, in the midst of its solemn
praises to the God of all grace, when Angels and
Archangels are to be summoned to join in the
Thanksgiving, Articles from the Creed are recited,
as if by way of preparation, with an exact doctrinal
precision, according to the Festival celebrated, — as
for instance on this day. And in the Visitation of
the Sick, he whom God seems about to call away,
is asked, not whether he has certain spiritual feel-
ings within him, (of which he cannot judge,) but
definitely and to his great comfort, whether he be-
lieves those Articles of the Christian Faith one by
one, which he received at Baptism, was catechized
in during his childhood, and confessed whenever he
came to worship God in Church. It is in the same **
spirit that the most precise and systematic of all the
Creeds, the Athanasian, is rather, as the form of it
shows, a hymn of praise to the Eternal Trinity ; it
being meet and right at festive seasons to bring (
forth before our God every jewel of the Mysteries 1
entrusted us, to show that of those which He gave j
us we have lost none.
3. Lastly, the sacred character of our charge is
shown most forcibly by the sanction which attends
it. What God has guarded by an Anathema, surely
claims some jealous custody on our part. Christ
says expressly, " He that believeth and is baptized
shall be saved ; and he that believeth not shall be
302 TRINITY SUNDAY. [Serm.
damned ^" It is quite clear, that in our Lord's
meaning, this belief included the reception of a
positive Creed, because He gave one at the time, —
that sovereign Truth, from which all others flow,
which we this day celebrate, the Faith of Father,
Son, and Holy Ghost, Three Persons, One God.
This doctrine then, at least, is necessary to be be-
lieved by every one in order to salvation : and that
certain other doctrines are also necessary, is plain
from other parts of Scripture : as for instance, our
Lord's Resurrection, from St. Paul's words to the
Romans ^ Now, this doctrine of the Resurrection,
which closed our Lord's earthly mission, is evidently
at a wide interval in the series of doctrines from
that of the Trinity in Unity, which is the founda-
tion of the whole Dispensation ; so that a thought-
ful mind, which fears to go wrong, will see reason
to conclude even from hence, that perchance the
doctrines which go between the two, the Incarna-
tion, for instance, or the Crucifixion, are also essen-
tial parts of saving Faith. And, in fact, various
passages of Scripture, as we have already seen,
occur, in which these intermediate Articles are
separately made the basis of the Gospel. Again,
let St. Paul's language to the Galatians be well
considered, who had departed from the Faith in
what might have seemed but a subordinate detail,
the abolition of the Jewish Law. " Though we, or
' Matt. xvi. 16. * Rom. x. 9.
XXII.] THE GOSPEL, A TRUST COMMITTED TO US. 303
an Angel from heaven," he says, " preach any other
Gospel unto you, than that which we have preached
unto you, let him be Anathema. As we said before,
so say I now again, If any man preach any other
Gospel unto you than that ye have received, let
him be Anathema '." The state of the case then is
this : — we know that some doctrines are necessary
to be believed ; we are not told how many ; and we
have no powers of mind adequate to the task of
solving the problem. We cannot give any sufficient
reason, beside the revealed word, why the doctrine
of the Trinity itself should be essential ; and if it
is essential nevertheless, why should not any other ?
How dangerous then is it to trifle with any portion
of the message committed to us ! Surely we are
bound to guard what may be material in it, as care-
fully as if we knew it to be so ; our not knowing it,
so far from being a reason for indifference, becom-
ing an additional motive for anxiety and watchful-
ness. And, while we do not dare anticipate God's
final judgment by attaching the Anathema to indi-
vidual unbelievers, yet neither do we dare conceal
any part of the doctrines guarded by it, lest haply it
should be found to lie against ourselves, who have
" shunned to declare the whole counsel of God."
To conclude. — ^The error against which these re-
marks are directed, viz. that of systematizing and
simplifying the Gospel Faith, making much of one
* Gal. i. 8, 9.
304 TRINITY SUNDAY. [Sehm. XXII.
or two articles of it, and disparaging or dismissing
the rest, is not confined to this province of religion
only. In the same spirit, sometimes the Ordinances,
sometimes the Polity of the Church, are dishonoured
and neglected ; the doctrine of Baptism contrasted
with that of inw^ard Sanctification, precepts of
** decency and order" made light of before the
command to evangelize the heathen, the injunction
to " stand in the old ways" broken with a view to
increase the so-called efficiency of our ecclesiastical
institutions. In like manner, by one class of rea-
soners the Gospels are made every thing, by another
the Epistles. In all ages, indeed, consistent obe-
dience is a very rare endowment ; but in this culti-
vated age, we have undertaken to defend inconsist-
ency on grounds of reason. On the other hand hear
the words of Eternal Truth. " Whosoever shall
break one of these least commandments, aiid shall
teach men so, he shall be called the least in the
Kingdom of Heaven ; but whosoever shall do and
teach them, the same shall be called great in the
Kingdom of Heaven ^"
' Matt. V. 19.
SERMON XXIIL
THE FEAST OF ST. BARNABAS THE APOSTLE.
TOLERANCE OF RELIGIOUS ERROR.
Acts xi. 24.
He was a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost, and of faith.
When Christ came to form a people unto Himself
to show forth His praise, He took of every kind.
Highways and hedges, the streets and lanes of the
city furnished guests for His supper, as well as the
wilderness of Judea, or the courts of the Temple.
His first followers are a sort of type of the general
Church, in which many and various minds are as
one. And this is one use, if we duly improve it,
of our Festivals ; which set before us specimens of
the Divine Life under the same diversity of out-
ward circumstances, advantages, and dispositions,
which we discern around us. The especial grace
poured upon the Apostles and their associates,
whether miraculous or moral, had no tendency to
destroy their respective peculiarities of temper and
character, to invest them with a sanctity beyond
VOL. II. X
306 ST. BARNABAS. [Seem.
our imitation, or to preclude failings and errors
which may be our warning. It left them, as it
found them, men. Peter and John, for instance,
the simple fishers on the lake of Gennesareth,
Simon the Zealot, Matthew the busy tax-gatherer,
and the ascetic Baptist, how different are these, —
first, from each other, — then, from Apollos the elo-
quent Alexandrian, Paul the learned Pharisee, Luke
the physician, or the eastern sages, whom we cele-
brate at the Feast of the Epiphany ; and these again
how different from the Blessed Virgin Mary, or the
Innocents, or Simeon and Anna, who are brought
before us at the Feast of the Purification, or the
women who ministered to our Lord, Mary the wife
of Cleophas, the Mother of James and John, Mary
Magdalene, Martha and Mary, sisters of Lazarus ;
or again, from the widow with her two mites, the
woman whose issue of blood was staunched, and
she who poured forth tears of penitence upon His
feet, and the ignorant Samaritan at the well ! More-
over, the definiteness and evident truth of many of
the characters presented to us in the Gospels serve
to realize to us the history, and to help our faith,
while at the same time they afford us abundant in-
struction. Such, for instance, is the immature
ardour of James and John, the sudden fall of Peter,
the obstinacy of Thomas, and the cowardice of
Mark. St. Barnabas furnishes us with a lesson in
his own way; nor shall I be wanting in piety
towards that Holy Apostle, if on this his day I hold
XXIII.] TOLERANCE OF RELIGIOUS ERROR. 307
him forth, not only in the peculiar graces of his
character, but in those parts of it in which he
becomes our warning, not our example.
The text says, that " he was a good man, full of
the Holy Ghost and of faith." This praise of
goodness is explained by his very name, Barnabas,
" the son of consolation," which was given him,
as it appears, to mark his character of kindness,
gentleness, considerateness, warmth of heart, com-
passion, and munificence.
His acts answer to this account of him. The
first we hear of him is his selling some land which
was his, and giving the proceeds to the Apostles, to
distribute to his poorer brethren. The next notice
of him sets before us a second deed of kindness, of
as amiable, though of a mere private character.
" When Saul was come to Jerusalem, he assayed
to join himself to the disciples ; but they were all
afraid of him, and believed not that he was a dis-
ciple. But Barnabas took him, and brought him
to the Apostles, and declared how he had seen the
Lord in the way, and that He had spoken to him,
and how he had preached boldly at Damascus, in
the name of Jesus '." Next, he is mentioned in the
text, and still with commendation of the same kind.
How had he shown that " he was a good man ?"
by going on a mission of love to the first converts
at Antioch. Barnabas, above the rest, was honoured
' Acts ix. 26, 27.
X 2
308 ST. BARNABAS. [Serm.
by the Church with this work, which had in view
the encouraging and binding together in unity
and strength this incipient fruit of God's grace.
" When he came, and had seen the grace of God,
he was glad ;" (surely this circumstance itself is
mentioned by way of showing his character ;)
" and exhorted them all that with purpose of
heart they would cleave unto the Lord." Thus he
may even be accounted the founder of the Church
of Antioch, being aided by St. Paul, whom he suc-
ceeded in bringing thither. Next, on occasion of
an approaching famine, he joined with St. Paul in
being the minister of the Gentiles' bounty towards
the poor saints of Judaea. Afterwards, when the
Judaizing Christians troubled the Gentile converts
with the Mosaic ordinances, Barnabas was sent with
the same Apostle and others from the Church of
Jerusalem to relieve their perplexity. Thus the
Scripture history of him does but answer to his
name, and is scarcely more than a continued ex-
emplification of his characteristic grace. Moreover,
let the particular force of his name be observed.
The Holy Ghost is called our Paraclete, as assisting,
advocating, encouraging, comforting us ; now, as if
to put the highest honour upon the Apostle, the
same term is applied to him. He is called " the
Son of Consolation," or the Paraclete ; and in ac-
cordance with this honourable title, we are told
that when the Gentile converts of Antioch had
received from his and St. Paul's hands the Apostles'
XXIII.] TOLERANCE OF RELIGIOUS ERROR. 309
decision against tlie Judaizers, " they rejoiced for
the consolation"
On the other hand, on two occasions his conduct
is unbecoming an Apostle, as instancing somewhat
of that infirmity which persons of his peculiar cha-
racter frequently exhibit. Both are cases of in-
dulgence towards the faults of others, yet in a
different way ; the one, an over-easiness in a matter
of doctrine, the other, in a matter of conduct.
With all his tenderness for the Gentiles, yet on
one occasion he could not resist indulging the pre-
judices of some Judaizing brethren, who came from
Jerusalem to Antioch. Peter first was carried
away ; before they came, " he did eat with the
Gentiles, but when they were come, he withdrew,
and separated himself, fearing them which were of
the circumcision. And the other Jews dissembled
likewise with him ; insomuch, that Barnabas also
was carried away with their dissimulation." The
other instance was his indulgent treatment of IVIarJv,
his sister's son, which occasioned the quarrel be-
tween him and St. Paul. " Barnabas determined
to take with them," on their Apostolic journey,
" John, whose surname was Mark. But Paul
thought not good to take him with them, who de-
parted from them from Pamphylia, and went not
with them to the work \"
Now it is very plain what description of charac-
' Gal. ii. 12, 13. Acts xv. 37, 38.
310 ST. BARNABAS. [Sekm.
ter, and what kind of lesson, is brought before us in
the history of this Holy Apostle. Holy he was, full
of the Holy Ghost and of faith ; still the character-
istics and the infirmities of man remained in him,
and thus he is " unto us for an ensample," con-
sistently with the reverence we feel towards him as
one of the foundations of the Christian Church. He
is an ensample and warning to us, not only as show-
ing us what we ought to be, but as evidencing how
the highest gifts and graces are corrupted in our
sinful nature, if we are not diligent to walk step by
step, according to the light of God's command-
ments. Be our mind as heavenly as it may be,
most loving, most holy, most zealous, most ener-
getic, most peaceful, yet if we look off from Him
for a moment, and look towards ourselves, at once
these excellent tempers fall into some extreme or
mistake. Charity becomes over-easiness, holiness
is tainted with spiritual pride, zeal degenerates into
fierceness, activity eats up the spirit of prayer, hope
is heightened into presumption. We cannot guide
ourselves. God's revealed word is our sovereign
rule of conduct ; and therefore, among other rea-
sons, is faith so principal a grace, for it is the
directing power which receives the commands of
Christ, and applies them to the heart.
And there is particular reason for dwelling upon
the character of Barnabas in this age, because he
may be considered as the type of the better sort of
men among us, and those who are most in esteem.
XXIII.] TOLERANCE OF RELIGIOUS ERROR. 3\l
The world itself indeed is what it ever has been,
ungodly ; but in every age it chooses some one or
other peculiarity of the Gospel as the badge of its
particular fashion for the time being, and sets up as
objects of admiration those who eminently possess
it. Without asking, therefore, how far men act
from Christian principle, or only from the imitation
of it, or from some mere secular or selfish motive,
yet, certainly, this age, as far as appearance goes,
may be accounted in its character not unlike Bar-
nabas, as being considerate, delicate, courteous,
and generous-minded in all that concerns the inter-
course of man with man. There is a great deal of
thoughtful kindness among us, of conceding in
little matters, of scrupulous propriety of words,
and a sort of code of liberal and honourable deal-
ing in the conduct of society. There is a settled
regard for the rights of individuals, and a sedu-
lousness in protecting, relieving, and benefitting
the poorer classes, the stranger, the fatherless, and
the widow. In such a country as ours, there must
always be numberless instances of distress after all ;
yet the anxiety to relieve it existing among the
more wealthy classes is unquestionable. And it is
as unquestionable, that we are somewhat disposed to
regard ourselves favourably in consequence ; and in
the midst of our national trials and fears, to say
(nay sometimes with real humility and piety) that
we do trust that these characteristic virtues of the
age may be allowed to come up as a memorial
312 ST. BARNABAS. [Sbbm.
before God, and to plead for us. When we think
of the commandments, we know Charity to be the
first and greatest ; and we are tempted to ask with
the young ruler, " What lack we yet ?"
I ask then, by way of reply, does not our kind-
ness too often degenerate into weakness, and thus
become not Christian Charity, but lack of Charity,
as regards the objects of it? Are we sufficiently
careful to do what is right and just, rather than
what is pleasant? do we clearly understand our
professed principles, and do we keep to them under
temptation ?
The history of St. Barnabas will help us to
answer this question honestly. Now I fear we lack
altogether, what he lacked in certain occurrences
in it, firmness, manliness, godly severity. I fear it
must be confessed, that our kindness, instead of
being directed and braced by principle, too often
becomes languid and unmeaning; that it is ex-
erted on improper objects and out of season, and
so is uncharitable in two ways, indulging those who
should be chastised, and preferring their comfort to
those who are really deserving. We are over-
tender in dealing with sin and sinners. We are
deficient in jealous custody of the revealed Truths
which Christ has left us. We allow men to speak
against the Church, its ordinances, or its teaching,
without remonstrating with them. We do not
separate from heretics, nay we object to the word
as if uncharitable ; and when such texts are brought
XXIII.] TOLERANCE OF RELIGIOUS ERROR. 313
against us as St. John's command, not to show
hospitality towards them, we are not slow to an-
swer that they do not apply to us. Now, I scarcely
can suppose any one really means to say for cer-
tain, that these commands are superseded in the
present day, and is quite satisfied upon the point ;
it will rather be found that men who so speak,
merely wish to put the subject from them. For
a long while they have forgotten that there were
any such commands in Scripture ; they have lived
as though there were not, and not being in circum-
stances which immediately called for the considera-
tion of them, they have familiarized their minds
to a contrary view of the matter, and built their
opinions upon it. When reminded of the fact,
they are sorry to have to consider it, as they per-
haps avow. They perceive that it interferes with
the line of conduct to which they are accustomed.
They are vexed, not as if allowing themselves to be
wrong, but as feeling conscious that a plausible
argument (to say the least) may be maintained
against them. And instead of daring to give this
argument fair play, as in honesty they ought, they
hastily satisfy themselves that objections may be
taken against it, use some vague terms, of disappro-
bation against those who use it, recur to, and dwell
upon, their own habitual view of the benevolent
and indulgent spirit of the Gospel, and then dis-
miss the subject altogether, as if it had never been
brought before them. Observe how they rid them-
314 ST. BARNABAS. [Sehm.
selves of it ; it is by confronting it with other views
of Christianity, which they consider incompatible
with it ; whereas the very problem which Christian
duty requires us to accomplish, is the reconciling in
our conduct opposite virtues. It is not difficult
(comparatively speaking) to cultivate single virtues.
A man takes some one partial view of his duty,
whether severe or kindly, whether of action or of
meditation : he enters into it with all his might, he
opens his heart to its influence, and allows himself
to be sent forward on its current. This is not diffi-
cult ; there is no anxious vigilance or self-denial in
it. On the contrary, there is a pleasure often in
thus sweeping along in one way ; and especially in
matters of giving and conceding. Liberality is
always popular, whatever be the subject of it ; and
excites a glow of pleasure and self-approbation in
the giver, even though it involves no sacrifice, nay,
is exercised upon the property of others. Thus in
the sacred province of religion, men are led on, —
without any bad principle, without that utter dis-
like or ignorance of the Truth, or that self-conceit,
which are chief instruments of Satan at this day,
nor again from mere cowardice or worldliness, but
from thoughtlessness, a sanguine temper, the ex-
citement of the moment, the love of making others
happy, susceptibility of flattery, and the habit of
looking only one way, — led on to give up Gospel
Truths, to consent to open the Church to the
various denominations of error which abound among
XXIII] TOLERANCE OF RELIGIOUS ERROR. 315
US, or to alter our Services so as to please the
scoffer, tlie lukewarm, or the vicious. To be kind
is their one principle of action ; and, when they
find offence taken at the Church's creed, they begin
to think how they may modify or curtail it, under
the same sort of feeling as would lead them to be
generous in a money transaction, or to accommo-
date another at the price of personal inconvenience.
Not understanding that their religious privileges
are a trust to be handed on to posterity, a sacred
property entailed upon the Christian family, and
their own in enjoyment rather than in possession,
they act the spendthrift, and are lavish of the
goods of others. Thus, for instance, they speak
against the Anathemas of the Athanasian Creed,
or of the Commination Service, or of certain of the
Psalms, and wish to rid themselves of them. Un-
doubtedly, even the best specimens of these men
are deficient in a due appreciation of the Christian
Mysteries, and of their own responsibility in pre-
serving and transmitting them ; yet, some of them
are such truly " good" men, so amiable and feeling,
so benevolent to the poor, and of such repute
among all classes, in short, fulfil so excellently the
office of shining like lights in the world, and wit-
nesses of Him " who went about doing good," that
those who most deplore their failing, will still be
most desirous of excusing them personally, while
they feel it a duty to withstand them. Sometimes it
may be, that these persons cannot bring themselves
316 ST. BARNABAS. [Serm.
to think evil of others ; and harbour men of here-
tical opinions or immoral life from the same easiness
of temper which makes them fit subjects for the
practices of the cunning and selfish in worldly mat-
ters. And sometimes they fasten on certain favour-
able points of character in the person they should
discountenance, and cannot get themselves to at-
tend to any but these ; arguing that he is certainly
pious and well-meaning, and that his errors plainly
do himself no harm ; — whereas the question is not
about their effects on this or that individual, but
simply whether they are errors ; and again, whether
they are not certain to be injurious to the mass of
men, or, on the long run, as it is called. Or they
cannot bear to hurt another by the expression of
their disapprobation, though it be that " his soul
may be saved in the day of the Lord." Or perhaps
they are deficient in keenness of intellectual percep-
tion as to the moral mischief of certain speculative
opinions, as they consider them ; and not knowing
their ignorance enough to forbear the use of private
judgment, nor having faith enough to acquiesce in
God's word, or the decision of His Church, they
incur the responsibility of serious changes. Or,
perhaps they shelter themselves behind some con-
fused notion, which they have taken up, of the
peculiar character of our own Church, arguing that
they belong to a tolerant Church, that it is but con-
sistent as well as right in her members to be tole-
rant, and that they are but exemplifying tolerance
XXIII.] TOLERANCE OF RELIGIOUS ERROR. 317
in their own conduct, when they treat with indul-
gence those who are lax in creed or conduct. Now,
if by the tolerance of our Church, it be meant that
she does not countenance the use of fire and sword
against those who separate from her, so far she is
truly called a tolerant Church ; but she is not tole-
rant of error, as those very formularies, which they
wish to remove, testify; and if she retains within
her bosom, proud intellects, and cold hearts, and
unclean hands, and dispenses her blessings to those
who disbelieve or are unworthy of them, this arises
from other causes, certainly not from her principles;
else were she guilty of Eli's sin, which may not be
imagined.
Such is the defect of mind suggested to us in the
instances of imperfection recorded of St. Barnabas ;
it will be more clearly understood by contrasting
him with St. John. We cannot compare good men
together in their points of excellence ; but whether
the one or the other of these Apostles had the greater
share of the spirit of love, we all know, that any
how the Beloved Disciple abounded in it. His
General Epistle is full of exhortations to cherish
that blessed temper, and his name is associated in
our minds with such heavenly dispositions as are
more immediately connected with it, — contempla-
tiveness, serenity of soul, clearness of faith. Now
see in what he differed from Barnabas ; in uniting
charity with a firm maintenance of the Truth as it
is in Jesus. So far were his fervour and exuberance
318 ST. BARNABAS. [Serm.
of charity from interfering with his zeal for God,
that rather, the more he loved men, the more he
desired to bring before them the great unchangeable
Verities, to which they must submit, if they would
see life, and on which a weak indulgence suffers
them to shut their eyes. He loved the brethren,
but he " loved them in the Truth \" He loved
them for the Living Truth's sake which had re-
deemed them, for the Truth which was in them,
for the Truth which was the measure of their
spiritual attainments. He loved the Church so
honestly, that he was stern towards those who
troubled her. He loved the world so wisely, that
he preached the Truth in it ; yet, if men rejected
it, he did not love them so inordinately as to forget
the supremacy of the Truth, as the Word of Him
who is above all. Let it never be forgotten then,
when we picture to ourselves this saintly Apostle,
this unearthly Prophet, who fed upon the sights
and voices of the world of spirits, and looked out
heavenwards day by day for Him, whom he had
once seen in the flesh, that this is he who gives us
that command about shunning heretics, which whe-
ther of force in this age or not, still certainly in
any age is (what men now call) severe ; and that
this command of his is but in unison with the
fearful descriptions he gives in other parts of his
inspired writings of the Presence, the Law, and
' 3 John 1.
XXIII.] TOLERANCE OF RELIGIOUS ERROR. 319
the Judgments of Almighty God. Who can deny
that the Apocalypse from beginning to end is a
very fearful book ; I may say, the most fearful book
in Scripture, full of accounts of the wrath of God ?
Yet, it is written by the Apostle of love. It is
possible then, for a man to be at once kind as
Barnabas, yet zealous as Paul. Strictness and ten-
derness had no " sharp contention" in the breast of
the beloved Disciple ; they found their perfect
union, yet distinct exercise, in the grace of Charity,
which is the fulfilling of the whole Law.
I wish I saw any prospect of this element of zeal
and holy sternness springing up among us, to
temper and give character to the languid unmean-
ing benevolence which we misname Christian love.
I have no hope of my country till I see it. Many
schools of Religion and Ethics are to be found
among us, and they all profess to magnify, in one
shape or other, what they consider the principle of
love ; but what they lack is a firm maintenance of
that characteristic of the Divine Nature, which, in
accommodation to our infirmity, is named by St.
John and his brethren, the wrath of God. Let
this be well observed. There are men who are ad-
vocates of Expedience; these, as far as they are
religious at all, resolve conscience into an instinct
of mere benevolence, and refer all the dealings of
Providence with His creatures to the same one
Attribute. Hence, they consider all punishment
to be remedial, a means to an end, deny that the
320 ST. BARNABAS. [Serm.
woe threatened against sinners is of eternal dura-
tion, and explain away the doctrine of the Atone-
ment. There are others, who place religion in the
mere exercise of the excited feelings ; and these too
look upon their God and Saviour, as far (that is) as
they themselves are concerned, solely as a God of
love. They believe themselves to be converted
from sin to righteousness by the mere manifestation
of that love to their souls, drawing them on to
Him ; and they imagine that that same love, un-
tired by any possible transgressions on their part,
will surely carry forward every individual so chosen
to final triumph. Moreover, as accounting that
Christ has already done every thing for their salva-
tion, they do not feel that a moral change is neces-
sary on their part, or, rather, they consider that
the Vision of revealed love works it in them spon-
taneously ; in either case dispensing with all labo-
rious efforts, all " fear and trembling," all self-
denial in " working out their salvation," nay, look-
ing upon such qualifications with suspicion, as lead-
ing to a supposed self-confidence and spiritual pride.
Once more, there are others of a mystical turn of
mind, with untutored imaginations and subtle in-
tellects, who follow the theories of the old Gentile
philosophy. These, too, are accustomed to make
love the one principle of life and providence
in heaven and earth, as if it were a pervading
Spirit of the world, finding a sympathy in every
heart, absorbing all things into itself, and kindling
XXIII.] TOLERANCE OF RELIGIOUS ERROR. 321
a rapturous enjoyment in all who contemplate it.
They sit at home speculating, and separate moral
perfection from action. These men either hold, or
are in the way to hold, that the human soul is pure
by nature; sin, an external principle corrupting
it ; evil, destined to final annihilation ; Truth
attained by means of the imagination ; conscience,
a taste ; holiness, a passive contemplation of God ;
and obedience, a mere pleasurable work. It is
difficult to discriminate accurately between these
three schools of opinion, without using words of
unseemly familiarity ; yet I have said enough for
those who wish to pursue the subject. Let it be
observed then, that these three systems, however
different from each other in their principles and
spirit, yet, all agree in this one respect, viz., 'in
overlooking that the Christian's God is represented
in Scripture, not only as a God of love, but also as
" a consuming fire." Rejecting the testimony of
Scripture, no wonder they also reject that of con-
science, which assuredly forebodes ill to the sinner,
but which, as the exclusive religionist maintains,
is not the voice of God at all, — or is a mere bene-
volence, according to the disciple of Utility, — or,
in the judgment of the more mystical sort, a kind
of passion for the beautiful and sublime. Regard-
ing thus " the goodness" only, and not " the seve-
rity of God," no wonder that they ungird their
loins and become effeminate ; no wonder that their
ideal notion of a perfect Church, is a Church which
VOL. II. Y
ST. BARNABAS. [Serm.
lets every one go on his own way, and disclaims
any right to pronounce an opinion, much less inflict
a censure on religious error.
But those who think themselves and others in risk
of an eternal curse, dare not be thus indulgent.
Here then lies our want at the present day, for this
we must pray, — that a reform may come in the
spirit and power of Elias. We must pray God thus
" to revive His work in the midst of the years ;" to
send us a severe Discipline, the Order of St. Paul
and St. John, " speaking the Truth in love," and
" loving in the Truth," — a Witness of Christ,
" knowing the terror of the Lord," fresh from the
presence of Him " whose heads and hairs are white
like wool, as white as snow, and whose eyes are as
a flame of fire, and out of His mouth a sharp sword,"
— a Witness not shrinking from proclaiming His
wrath, as a real characteristic of His glorious nature,
though expressed in human language for our sakes,
proclaiming the narrowness of the way of life, the
difficulty of attaining Heaven, the danger of riches,
the necessity of taking up our cross, the excellence
and beauty of self-denial and austerity, the hazard
of disbelieving the Catholic Faith, and the duty of
zealously contending for it. Thus only will the
tidings of mercy come with force to the souls of
men, with a constraining power and with an abid-
ing impress, when hope and fear go together ; then
only will Christians be successful in fight, "quit-
ting themselves like men," conquering and ruling
1
XXIII.] TOLERANCE OF RELIGIOUS ERROR.
the fury of the world, and maintaining the Church
in purity and power, when they condense their feel-
ings by a severe discipline, and are loving in the
midst of firmness, strictness, and holiness. Then
only can we prosper, (under the blessing and grace
of Him who is the Spirit both of love and of truth,)
when the heart of Paul is vouchsafed to us, to with-
stand even Peter and Barnabas, if ever they are
overcome by mere human feelings, to " know
henceforth no man after the flesh," to put away from
us sister's son, or nearer relative, to relinquish the
sight of them, the hope of them, and the desire of
them, when He commands, who raises up friends
even to the lonely, if they trust in Him, and will
give us " within His walls a name better than of
sons and of daughters, an everlasting name that
shall not be cut off*^" ndl^AlX -2, 4
' Is. Ivi. 4, 5.
Y 2
SERMON XXIV.
THE FEAST OF THE NATIVITY OF ST JOHN BAPTIST.
REBUKING SIN.
Mark vi. 18.
John had said unto Herod, It is not lawful for thee to have thy
brother's wife.
In the Collect of this day, we pray God to enable
us "boldly to rebuke vice" after the example of St.
John the Baptist, who died a Martyr in the faithful
discharge of this duty.
Herod the Tetrarch had taken his brother's wife.
John the Baptist protested against so heinous a sin ;
and the guilty king, though he could not bring
himself to forsake it, yet respected the prophet, and
tried to please him in other ways ; but Herodias,
the proud and cruel woman whom he had married,
resented his interference, and at length effected his
death. I need not go through the details of this
atrocious history, which are well known to every
reader of the Gospels.
Serm. XXIV.] REBUKING SIN. 325
St. John the Baptist had a most difficult office to
fulfil ; that of rebuking a king. Not that it is dif-
ficult for a man of rude arrogant mind to say a
harsh thing to men in power, — nay, rather, it is a
gratification to such a one ; but it is difficult to re-
buke well, that is, at a right time, in a right spirit,
and a right manner. The Holy Baptist rebuked
Herod without making him angry; therefore he
must have rebuked him with gravity, temper, sin-
cerity, and an evident good- will towards him. On
the other hand, he spoke so firmly, sharply, and
faithfully, that his rebuke cost him his life.
We who now live have not that extreme duty
put upon us with which St. John was laden ; yet
every one of us has a share in his office, inasmuch
as we are all bound " to rebuke vice boldly," when
we have fit opportunities for so doing. I proceed
then to make some remarks upon the duty, as en-
forced upon us by to-day's Festival. .
Now, it is plain that there are two sorts of men
in the world ; — those who put themselves forward,
and speak much ; and those who retire, and from
indolence, timidity, or fastidiousness, do not care
to express an opinion on what comes before them.
Neither of these classes will act the part of St.
John the Baptist in their intercourse with others :
the retiring will not rebuke vice at all ; the bold
and ill-mannered will take a pleasure in giving
their judgment, whether they are fit judges or not,
326 ST. JOHN BAFHST. [Serm.
whether they ought to speak or not, and at all
times proper and improper.
These self-appointed censors of vice are not to be
countenanced or tolerated by any serious Christian.
The subjects of their attack are often open to cen-
sure, it is true ; and should be censured, but not
by them. Yet these men take upon them, on their
own authority, to blame them ; — often, because those
whose duty it is, neglect to do so ; and then they
flatter themselves with the notion that they are
energetic champions of virtue, strenuous and useful
guardians of public morals or popular rights.
There is a multitude of such men in these days,
who succeed the better, because they conceal
their names ; and are thus relieved of the trouble
of observing delicacy in their manner of rebuking,
escape the retaliation which the assailed party may
inflict on an open assailant, and are able to dispense
with such requisites of personal character and de-
portment as are ordinarily expected from those who
assume the office of the Baptist. And, by speaking
against men of note, they gratify the bad passions
of the multitude ; fond, as it ever is, of tales of
crime, and malevolent towards the great ; and thus
they increase their influence, and come to be looked
up to and feared.
Now such officious accusers of vice are, I say,
to be disowned by all who wish to be really Christ-
ians. Every one has his place, one to obey,
XXIV.] REBUKING SIN. 3^7
another to rule, a third to rebuke. It is not reli-
gious to undertake an office without a commission.
John the Baptist was miraculously called to the
duties of a reformer and teacher. Afterwards, an
Order of men was appointed for the performance of
the same services ; and this order remains to this
day in an uninteiTupted succession. Those who C;
take upon them to rebuke vice without producing I
credentials of their authority, are intruding upon • ^
the office of God's Ministers. They may indeed
succeed in their usurpation, they may become popu-
lar, be supported by the many, and be recognised
even by the persons whom they attack, still the
function of Censor is from God, whose final judg-
ment it precedes and shadows forth : and not a
whole generation of self-willed men can bestow on
their organ the powers of a divine ambassador. It
is our part, then, anxiously to guard against the
guilt of acquiescing in the claims of such false
prophets, lest we fall under the severity of our
Lord's prediction : " I am come in My Father's
name," he says, " and ye receive Me not. If ano-
ther shall come in his own name, him ye will
receive \"
I notice this peculiarity of the Reprover's office,
as founded on a Divine Commission, and the con-
sequent sin of undertaking it without a call, for
another reason. Besides these bad men, who cla-
^ '1 John V. 43.
328 ST. JOHN BAPTIST. [Seem.
mour against vice for gain and envy's sake, I know
there are others of a better stamp, who imagine
that they ought to rebuke, when in truth they ought
not ; and who, on finding that they cannot do the
office well, or on getting into trouble in attempting
it, are perplexed and discouraged, or consider that
they suffer for righteousness' sake. But our duty
is commonly a far more straightforward matter
than excited and over-sensitive minds are apt to
suppose, that is, as far as concerns our knowing it ;
and, when we find ourselves perplexed to ascertain
it, we should ask ourselves, whether we have not
embarrassed our course by some unnecessary or
self-willed conduct of our own. For instance, when
men imagine it to be their duty to rebuke their
superiors, they get into difficulties, for the simple
reason, that it is and ever will be difficult to do
another man's duty. When the young take upon
them to set right their elders, private Christians
speak against the Clergy, the Clergy attempt to
direct their Bishops, or servants their masters, they
will find that, generally speaking, the attempt does
not succeed ; and perhaps they will impute their
failure to circumstances, — whereas, the real reason
is that there was no call on them to rebuke at all.
There is ever, indeed, a call on them to keep from
sin themselves in all things, which itself is a silent
protest against whatever is wrong in high places, —
and this they cannot avoid, and need not wish to
avoid ; but very seldom, only in extreme cases, for
XXIV.] REBUKING SIN. 329
instance, as, when the Faith is in jeopardy, or in
order to protect or rescue the simple minded, is a
man called upon in the way of duty, directly to
blame or denounce his superiors.
And in truth we have quite enough to do in the
way of rebuking vice, if we confine our censure to
those who are the lawful subjects of it. These are
our equals and our inferiors. Here, again, it is
easy to use violent language towards those who are
below us in station, to be arrogant, to tyrannize ;
but such was not St. John the Baptist's manner of
reproving. He reproved under the prospect of
suffering for his faithfulness ; and we should never
use a strong word, however true it be, without
being willing to acquiesce in some penalty or other
should it so happen, as the seal of our earnestness.
We must not suppose, that our inferiors are with-
out power to annoy us, because they are inferior.
We depend on the poor as well as on the rich. Nor,
by inferiors, do I mean those merely who are in a
lower rank of society. Herod was St. John's infe-
rior ; the greatest king is, in one sense, inferior to
God's Ministers, and is to be approached by them,
with all honour indeed and loyal service, but with-
out trepidation of mind or cowardice, without for-
getting that they are servants of the Church, gifted
with their power by a divine appointment. And
what is true even in the instance of the King him-
self is much more applicable in the case of the
merely wealthy or ennobled. But is it a light matter
SoO ST. JOHN BAPTIST. [Seum.
to reprove such men ? And can we do so without
the risk of suffering for it ? Who is sufficient for
these things, without the guidance and strength of
Him who died to purchase for His Church this high
authority ?
Again, parents are bound to rebuke their chil-
dren ; but here the office is irksome for a different
reason. It is misplaced affection, not fear, which
interferes here with the performance of our duty.
And besides, parents are indolent as well as over-
fond. They look to their home as a release from
the world's cares, and cannot bear to make duties in
a quarter where they would find a recreation. And
they have their preferences and partialities about
their children ; and being alternately harsh and
weakly indulgent, are not respected by them, even
when they seasonably rebuke them.
And as to rebuke those who are inferior to us in
the temporal appointments of Providence, is a se-
rious work, so also, much more, does it require a
ripeness in Christian holiness to rebuke our equals
suitably; — and this, first, because we fear their
ridicule and censure ; next, because the failings of
our equals commonly lie in the same line as our
; own, and every considerate person is aware, that, in
I rebuking another, he is binding himself to a strict
j
I and religious life, which we naturally shrink from
I doing. Accordingly, it has come to pass, that
Christians, by a sort of tacit agreement, wink at
each other's faults, and keep silence; whereas, if
XXIV.] REBUKING SIN. 331
each of us forced himself to make his neighbour
sensible when he did wrong, he would both benefit
another, and through God's blessing, would bind
himself also to a more consistent profession. Who
can say how much harm is done by thus counte-
nancing the imperfections of our friends and equals ?
The standard of Christian morals is lowered; the
service of God is mixed up with devotion to Mam-
mon ; and thus society is constantly tending to a
heathen state. And this culpable toleration of vice
is sanctioned by the manners of the present age,
which seems to consider it a mark of good breeding
not to be solicitous about the faith or conduct of
those around us, as if their private views and habits
were nothing to us ; which would have more pre-
tence of truth in it, were they merely our fellow-
creatures, but is evidently false in the case of those
who all the while profess to be Christians, who ima-
gine that they gain the privileges of the Gospel by
their profession, while they bring scandal on it by
their lives.
Now, if it be asked, what rules can be given for
rebuking vice ? — I observe, that, as on the one hand
to perform the office of a censor requires a maturity
and consistency of principle seen and acknowledged,
so is it also the necessary result of possessing it.
They who reprove with the greatest propriety, from
their weight of character, are generally the very
men who ai-e also best qualified for reproving. To
rebuke well is a gift which grows with the need of
SS2 ST. JOHN BAPTIST. (Seum.
exercising it. Not that any one will gain it with-
out an effort on his part ; he must overcome false
shame, timidity, and undue delicacy, and learn to
be prompt and collected in withstanding evil ; but
after all, his mode of doing it will depend mainly
on his general character. The more his habitual
temper is formed after the law of Christ, the more
discreet, unexceptionable, and graceful will be his
censures, the more difficult to escape or to resist.
What I mean is this : cultivate in your general
deportment a cheerful, honest, manly temper ; and
you will find fault well, because you will do so in a
natural way. Aim at viewing all things in a plain
and candid light, and at calling them by their right
names. Be frank, do not keep your notions of right
and wrong to yourselves, nor, on some conceit that
the world is too bad to be taught the Truth, suffer
it to sin in word or deed without rebuke. Do not
allow friend or stranger in the familiar intercourse
of society to advance false opinions, nor shrink from
stating your own, and do this in singleness of mind
and love. Persons are to be found, who tell their
neighbours of their faults in a strangely solemn
way, with a great parade, as if they were doing
something extraordinary ; and such men, not only
offend those whom they wish to set right, but also
foster in themselves a spirit of self-complacency.
Such a mode of finding fault is inseparably con-
nected with a notion that they themselves are far
better than the parties they blame ; whereas the
XXIV.J REBUKING SIN. 333
sinsfle-hearted Christian will find fault, not aus-
terely or gloomily, but in love; not stiffly, but
naturally, gently, and as a matter of course, just
as he would tell his friend of some obstacle in his
path, which was likely to throw him down, but
without any absurd feeling of superiority over him,
because he was able to do so. His feeling is, " I
have done a good office to you, and you must in
turn serve me." And though his advice be not
always taken as he meant it, yet he will not dwell
on the pain occasioned to himself by such a result
of his interference ; being conscious, that in truth
there ever is much to correct in his mode of doing
his duty, knowing that his intention was good, and
being determined any how to make light of his
failure, except so far as to be more cautious in future
against even the appearance of rudeness or intem-
perance in his manner.
These are a few suggestions on an important sub-
ject. We daily influence each other for good or
evil; let us not be the occasion of misleading
others by our silence, when we ought to speak.
Recollect St. Paul's words : — " Be not partaker of
other men's sins : keep thyself pure \" i * ^a XS7^ ">
' 1 Tim. V. 22.
SERMON XXV.
THE FEAST OF ST. PETER THE APOSTLE.
THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY.
Luke vii. 28.
I say unto you, Among those that are born of women there is
not a greater prophet than John the Baptist ; but he that is
least in the Kingdom of God is greater than he.
St. Peter's day suitably follows the day of St.
John the Baptist; for thus we have a striking
memento as the text suggests, of the especial dig-
nity of the Christian Ministry over all previous
Ministries which Almighty God has appointed.
St. John was " much more than a Prophet ;" he
was as great as any messenger of God that had
ever been bom ; yet the least in the Kingdom of
heaven, the least of Christ's Ministers, was greater
than he. And this, I observe, is a reflection espe-
cially fitted for this Festival, because the Apostle
Peter is taken in various parts of the Gospel, as
the appropriate type and representative of the
Christian ministry \
' Vide Matt. xvi. 18, 19. Lukexxii. 29, 30. Johnxxi. 15—17.
Serm. XXV.] THE CHRISTIAN MLNISTRY. 335
Now, let us, consider, in what the peculiar dig-
nity of the Christian Minister consists. Evidently
in this, that he is the representative of Christ ; for,
as Christ is infinitely above all other messengers
from God, he who stands in His stead, must be
superior beyond compare, to all Ministers of
religion, whether Prophets, Priests, Lawgivers,
Judges, or Kings, whom Almighty God ever com-
missioned. Moses, Aaron, Samuel, and David,
were shadows of the Saviour ; but the Minister of
the Gospel is His present substitute. As a t}^e or
prophecy of Grace is less than a pledge and means,
as a Jevsdsh sacrifice is less than a Gospel sacra-
ment, so are Moses and Elias less by oflfice than
the representatives of Christ. This, I consider to
be evident, as soon as stated; the only question
being, whether there is reason for thinking, that
Christ has, in matter of fact, left representatives
behind Him; and this, I proceed to show, Scrip-
ture enables us to determine in the aflfirmative.
Now, in the first place, as we all know, Christ
chose twelve out of His disciples, whom He called
Apostles, to be His representatives even during His
own ministry. And He gave them the power of
doing the wonderful works which He did Himself.
Of course I do not say He gave them equal power ;
(God forbid !) but He gave them a certain suflficient
portion of His power. " He gave them power,"
says St. Luke, " and authority over all devils, and
to cure diseases ; and he sent them to preach the
S36 ST. PETER. [Serm.
Kingdom of God, and to heal the sick '." And
He expressly made them his substitutes to the
world at large ; so that to receive them was to
y- receive Himself. " He that receiveth you, receiv-
eth Me ^" Such was their principal power before
His passion, similar to that which He principally
exercised, viz. the commission to preach and to
perform bodily cures. But when He had wrought
out the Atonement for human sin upon the Cross,
and purchased for man the gift of the Holy Ghost,
then He gave them a higher commission ; and
still, be it observed, parallel to that which He
Himself then assumed. ^' As My Father hath sent
Me, even so send I you. And when He had said
this. He breathed on them, and saith unto them.
Receive ye the Holy Ghost. Whosesoever sins ye
remit, they are remitted unto them ; and whose-
soever sins ye retain, they are retained \" Here
then the Apostles became Christ's representatives
in the power of His Spirit, for the remission of sins,
as before they were His representatives as regards
miraculous cures, and preaching His Kingdom.
The following texts supply additional evidence
that the Apostles were commissioned in Christ's
stead, and inform us likewise in detail of some of
the particular offices included in their commission.
" Let a man so account of us, as of the Ministers
of Christ, and Stewards of the Mysteries of God."
1 Luke ix. 1,2. ' Matt. i. 40. * John xx. 21—23.
XXV.] THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 337
" Ye received me as an A?igel" or heavenly Mes-
senger " of God, even a.s Christ Jesm.''' " We «re
Ambassadors for Christ, as though God did beseech
you by us ; we pray you in Chrisfs stead, be ye
reconciled to God '."
The Apostles then, standing in Christ's place,
were consequently exalted by office far above any
divine Messengers before them. We come to the
same conclusion from considering the sacred trea-
sures committed to their custody, which (not to
mention their miraculous powers, which is beside
our present purpose,) were those peculiar spiritual
blessings which flow from Christ as a Saviour, as a
Prophet, Priest, and King.
These blessings are commonly designated in
Scripture as " the Spirit," or " the gift of the Holy
Ghost." John the Baptist said of himself and
Christ ; " I indeed baptize you with water unto re-
pentance ; but He shall baptize you with the Holy
Ghost, and with fire I" In this respect, Christ's
Ministrations were above all that had ever been
before Him, in bringing with them the gift of
the Holy Ghost, that one gift, one, yet multi-
form, sevenfold in its operation, in which all spi-
ritual blessedness is included. Accordingly, our
Lord was solemnly anointed with the Holy Ghost
Himself, as an initiation into His Ministerial
office. He was manifested as receiving, that He
1 1 Cor. iv. 1. Gal. iv. 14. 2 Cor. v. 20. ' Matt. iii. II.
VOL. II. Z
338 ST. PETER. {Serm.
might be believed on as giving. He was thus com-
missioned, according to the Prophet, " to preach
good tidings," " to bind up," " to give the oil of
joy for mourning." Therefore, in like manner, the
Apostles also were anointed with the same heavenly
gift for the same Ministerial office. " He breathed
on them, and saith unto them, Receive ye the Holy
Ghost." Such as was the consecration of the
Master, such was that of the Disciples ; and such
as His, were the offices to which they were thereby
admitted.
Christ is a Prophet, as, authoritatively revealing
the will of God and the Gospel of grace. So also
were the Apostles ; " He that heareth you, heareth
Me ; and he that despiseth you, despiseth Me ; and
he that despiseth Me, despiseth Him that sent Me ;"
" He that despiseth, despiseth not man, but God,
who hath also given unto us His Holy Spirit \"
Christ is a Priest, as forgiving sin, and impart-
ing other needful divine gifts. The Apostles, too,
had this power ; " Whosesoever sins ye remit, they
are remitted unto them ; and whosesoever sins ye
retain, they are retained." " Let a man so account
of us as . . . Stewards of the Mysteries of God."
Christ is a King, as ruling the Church ; and the
Apostles rule it in His stead. " I appoint unto you
a Kingdom, as My Father hath appointed unto
Me ; that ye may eat and drink at My table in My
1 Luke X. 16. 1 Thes. iv. 8.
XXV.] THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 339
Kingdom, and sit on thrones judging the twelve
tribes of Israel ^"
The gift, or office cannot be named, which be-
longs to our Lord as the Christ, which He did not
in its degree transfer to His Apostles by the com-
munication of that Spirit through which He Him-
self wrought ; one of course excepted, the One great
work, which none else in the whole world could sus-
tain, of being the Atoning Sacrifice for all mankind.
So far no one can take His place, and " His glory
He does not give to another." His death upon the
cross is the sole Meritorious Cause, the sole Source of
spiritual blessing to our guilty race ; but as to those
offices and gifts, which flow from this Atonement,
preaching, teaching, reconciling, absolving, censur-
ing, dispensing grace, wtuling, ordaining, these all
are included in the Apostolic Commission, which is
instrumental and representative in His absence.
" As My Father hath sent Me, so send I you."
His gifts are not confined to Himself. " The whole
house is filled with the odour of the ointment."
This being granted, however, as regards the
Apostles themselves, some one may be disposed
to inquire, whether their triple office has de-
scended to Christian Ministers after them. I say
their triple office, for few persons will deny that
some portion of their commission still remains
among us. The notion that there is no divine ap-
' Luke xxi. 29, 30.
z2
340 ST. PETER. [Serm.
pointment of one man above another for Ministerial
duties is not a common one, and we need not refute
it. But it is very common for men to believe only
so far as they can see and understand ; and, be-
cause they are witnesses of the process and effects
of instructing and ruling, and not of (what may
be called) " the ministry of reconciliation," to
accept Christ's Ministers as representatives of His
Prophetic and Regal, not of His Priestly authority.
Assuming then their claim to inherit two portions
of His Anointing, I shall confine myself to the
question of their possessing the third likewise : not
however with a view of proving it, but rather of
removing such antecedent difficulties as are likely
to prejudice the mind against it.
By a Priest, in a Christian sense, is meant an
appointed channel by which the peculiar Gospel
blessings are conveyed to mankind, one who has
power to apply to individuals those gifts which
Christ has promised us generally as the fruit of
His mediation. This power was possessed by the
Apostles ; I am now to show that it is possessed by
their Successors likewise.
1. Now, first, that there is a strong line of dis-
tinction between the Apostles and other Christian
Ministers, I readily grant; nay, rather I would
maintain it to be so clearly marked that there is
no possibility of confusing together those respects
in which they resemble with those in which they
differ from their brethren. The Apostles were,
XXV.] THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 341
not only Ministers of Christ, but first founders of
His Church ; and their gifts and offices, so far forth
as they had reference to this part of their com-
mission, doubtless were but occasional and extra-
ordinary, and ended with themselves. They were
organs of Revelation, inspired Teachers, in some
respects infallible, gifted with divers tongues, work-
ers of miracles ; and none but they are such. The
duration of any gift depends upon the need which
it supplies ; that which has answered its purpose
ends, that which is still necessary is graciously con-
tinued. Such at least seems to be the rule of a
Merciful Providence. Therefore it is, that the
Christian Ministry still includes in it the office of
teaching, for education is necessary for every soul
born into the world ; and the office of governing,
for " decency and order" are still necessary for the
quiet and union of the Christian brotherhood.
And, for the same reason, it is natural at first sight
to suppose, that the office of applying the gifts of
grace should be continued also, while there is guilt
to be washed away, sinners to be reconciled, believers
to be strengthened, matured, comforted. What
warrant have we from the nature of the case, for
making any distinction between the ministry of
teaching and the ministry of reconciliation ? if one
is still committed to us, why not the other also ?
And it will be observed, that the only real ante-
cedent difficulty which attaches to the doctrine of
the Christian Priesthood, is obviated by Scripture
342 ST. PETER. [Sekm.
itself. It might be thought that the power of re-
mitting and retaining sins was too great to be given
to sinful man over his fellows ; but in matter of
fact it was committed to the Apostles without re-
striction, though they were not infallible in what
they did. " Whosesoever sins ye remit, they are
remitted unto them ; and whosesoever sins ye re-
tain, they are retained." The grant was in the very
form of it unconditional, and left to their Christian
discretion. What has once been given, may^ be
continued. I consider this remark to be of weight
in a case like the present, where the very nature of
the professed gift is the only considerable reason
against the fact of its bestowal.
2. But all this is on the bare antecedent view of
the case. In fact, our Lord Himself has decided
the question, by declaring that His presence, by
means of His Apostles, should be with the Church
to the end of the world. He promised this on the
solemn occasion of His leaving them ; He declared
it when He bade them make converts, baptize, and
teach. As well may we doubt whether it is our
duty to preach and proselyte, and prepare men for
Heaven, as that His Apostolic Presence is with us
for those purposes. His words then at first sight
even go to include all the gifts vouchsafed to His
first Ministers ; far from having a scanty grant of
them, so large is the promise, that we are obliged
to find out reasons to justify us in considering the
Successors of the Apostles in any respects less
XXV.] THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 343
favoured than themselves. Such reasorfs we know
are to be found, and lead us to distinguish the ex-
traordinary gifts from the ordinary, a distinction
which the event justifies ; but what is there either
in Scripture or in Church History to make us place
the commission of reconciliation among those which
are extraordinary ?
3. In the next place, it is deserving of notice
that this distincion between ordinary and extraor-
dinary gifts, is really made in Scripture itself, and
that among the extraordinary there is no mention
made of the sacerdotal power. No one can doubt,
that on the day of Pentecost the formal inaugura-
tion of the Apostles took place into their higli and
singular office of building the Church of Christ.
They were " wise Master-builders, according to the
grace given them ;" and that grace was extraordi-
nary. However, among those gifts, " tongues and
visions, prophecies and wonders," their priestly
power is not enumerated. On the contrary, that
power had been previously conferred, according to
the passage already cited, when Christ breathed on
them, and gave them, through the Holy Ghost, the
authority to remit and retain sins '. And further,
The following passage supplies a corroboration of the
above argument, and carries it on to the doctrine of the Apos-
tolical Succession :— " The very first act of the Apostles, after
Christ was gone out of their sight, was the ordination of Mat-
thias in the room of the traitor Judas. That ordination is
related very minutely. Every particular of it is full of instruc-
SU ST. PETER. [Serm.
I would remind you, that this is certainly our
Church's deliberate view of the subject; for she
tion ; but at present I wish to draw attention to one circum-
stance more especially : namely, the time when it occurred. It
was contrived (if one may say so) exactly to fall within the very
short interval which elapsed between the departure of our Lord
and the arrival of the Comforter in His place : on that ' little
while,' during which the church was comparatively left alone in
the world. Then it was that St. Peter rose and declared with
authority, that the time was come for supplying the vacancy
which Judas had made. * One,' said he, ' must be ordained ;'
and without delay they proceeded to the ordination. Of course,
St. Peter must have had from our Lord express authority for
this step. Otherwise it would seem most natural to defer a
transaction so important until the unerring Guide, the Holy
Ghost, should have come among them, as they knew He would
in a few days. On the other hand, since the Apostles were
eminently Apostles of our Incarnate Lord, since their very
being, as Apostles, depended entirely on their personal mission
from Him, (which is the reason why catalogues are given of
them, with such scrupulous care, in so many of the holy books) :
in that regard one should naturally have expected that He
Himself before His departure would have supplied the vacancy
by personal designation. But we see it was not His pleasure
to do so. As the Apostles afterwards brought on the ordina-
tion sooner, so He had deferred it longer than might have been
expected. Both ways it should seem as if there were a purpose
of bringing the event within those ten days, during which, as I
said, the church was left to herself; left to exercise her faith
and hope, much as Christians are left now, without any miracu-
lous aid or extraordinary illumination from above. Then, at that
moment of the New Testament history, in which the circum-
stances of believers corresponded most nearly to what they had
been since miracles and inspiration ceased, — ^just at that time
XXV.] THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 345
expressly puts into the Bishop's mouth at ordi-
nation the very words here used by our Saviour
to His Apostles. " Receive the Holy Ghost ;"
" Whosesoever sins ye remit, they are remitted to
them ; and whosesoever sins ye retain, they are
retained ;" words, which it were inexpressibly pro-
fane for man to use to man, except by a plain
divine commission to do so.
4. But again, has not the Gospel Sacraments ?
and have not Sacraments, as pledges and means
of grace, a priestly nature ? If so, the question of
the existence of a Christian Priesthood, is narrowed
at once to the simple question, whether or not it is
probable that so precious an ordinance as a channel
of grace would be committed by Providence to the
custody of certain guardians. The tendency of
opinions at this day is to believe that nothing more
is necessary for acceptance than faith in God's pro-
mise of mercy ; whereas it is certain from Scripture,
that the gift of reconciliation is not conveyed to
individuals except through appointed ordinances.
Christ has interposed a something between Himself
it pleased our Lord that a fresh Apostle should be consecrated,
with authority and commission as ample as the former enjoyed.
In a word, it was His will that the eleven Disciples alone, not
Himself personally, should name the successor of Judas ; and
that they chose the right person, He gave testimony very soon
after, by sending His Holy Spirit on St. Matthias, as richly as
on St. John, St. James, or St. Peter." — Tracts for the Times,
vol. ii. No. 52.
346 ST. PETER. [Serm.
and the soul ; and if it is not inconsistent with the
liberty of the Gospel that a Sacrament should in-
terfere, there is no antecedent inconsistency in a
keeper of the Sacrament attending upon it. More-
over, the very circumstance that a standing Minis-
try has existed from the first, leads on to the
inference that that Ministry was intended to take
charge of the Sacraments ; and thus the facts of the
case suggest an interpretation of our Lord's words,
when He committed to St. Peter " the keys of the
Kingdom of Heaven."
I would have this Scripture truth considered at-
tentively ; viz. that Sacraments are the channels of
the peculiar Christian privileges, and not merely (as
many men think, and as the rite of Confirmation
really is,) seals of the covenant. A man may object
indeed, that in St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans
nothing is said about channels and instruments; that
faith is represented as the sole medium of justifica-
tion. But I will refer him by way of reply, to the
same Apostle's speech to Festus and Agrippa, where
he describes Christ as saying to him on his mira-
culous conversion. " Rise and stand upon thy
feet; for I have appeared unto thee for this pur-
pose, to make thee a Minister and a Witness,"
sending him forth, as it might appear, to preach the
Gospel, without instrumentality of Ordinance or
Minister. Had we but this account of his conver-
sion, who would not have supposed, that he who was
" to open men's eyes, and turn them from darkness
XXV.] THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 347
to light," had been pardoned and accepted at once
upon his faith, without rite or form ? Yet from other
parts of the history, we learn what is here omitted,
viz. that an especial revelation was made to Ana-
nias, lest Saul should go without baptism; and
that, so far from his being justified immediately on
his faith, he was bid not to tarry, but " to arise and
be baptized, and to wash away his si?is, calling on
the name of the Lord \" So dangerous is it to
attempt to prove a negative from insulated passages
of Scripture.
Here then we have a clear instance in St. Paul's
own case, that there are priestly Services between
the soul and God, even under the Gospel; that
though Christ has purchased inestimable blessings
for our race, yet that it is still necessary ever to
apply them to individuals by visible means ; and if
so, I confess, that to me at least it seems more
likely antecedently, that such services should have,
than that they should lack, an appropriate minister.
But here again we are not left to mere conjecture,
as I proceed to show.
5. You well know that the benefits of the Atone-
ment are frequently represented in Scripture under
the figure of spiritual food, bread from heaven, the
water that never faileth, and in more sacred lan-
guage, as the communion of the Body and Blood of
the Divine Sacrifice. Now, this special Christian
' Acts xxvi. 16 — 18. xxii. 16. ix. 17. Vid. also xiii. 2, 3.
2
348 ST. PETER. [Sfrm.
benefit is there connected, as on the one hand with
an outward rite, so on the other with certain
appointed Dispensers. So that the very context of
Scripture leads us on from the notion of a priestly
service to that of a priesthood.
" Who then is that faithful and wise Steward^''
says Christ, " whom his Lord shall make ruler over
His household, to give them their 'portion of food in
due season ? Blessed is that servant whom his Lord,
when he cometh, shall find so doing'." Now, I
infer from this passage ; first, that there are, under
the Gospel, especial Dispensers of the Christian's
spiritual food, in other words (if the word " food'*"
may be interpreted from the parallel of the sixth
chapter of St. John,) Dispensers of invisible grace,
or Priests ; — next, that they are to continue to the
Church in every age till the end, for it is said,
" Blessed is he, whom his Lord, when He cometh,
shall find so doing ;" — further, that the Minister
mentioned is also " Ruler over His household," as
in the case of the Apostles, uniting the Regal with
the Sacerdotal office ; — lastly, the word " Stew-
ard," which incidentally occurs in the passage, a
title applied by St. Paul to the Apostles, affords an
additional reason for supposing that other like titles,
such as "Ambassadors of Christ," given to the
Apostles, do also belong in a true and sufficient
sense to their Successors.
' Luke xii. 42. * (riTOnirpioy.
^"^
XXV.] THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 3i9
6. These considerations in favour of the existence
of a Christian Priesthood, are strengthened by ob-
serving that the office of intercession, which though
not a peculiarity, is ever characteristic of the Priestly
Order, is spoken of in Scripture as a sort of prero-
gative of the Gospel Ministry. For instance, Isaiah,
speaking of Christian times, says, " I have set
watchmen upon thy walls, O Jerusalem, which shall
never hold their peace day nor night. Ye that
make mention of the Lord, keep not silence ; and
give Him no rest, till He establish, and till He
make Jerusalem a praise in the earth ^" In the Acts
of the Apostles, we find Christ's ministers engaged
in this sacred service, according to the prophecy.
" There were in the Church that was at Antioch
certain prophets and teachers, as Barnabas, and
Simeon called Niger, and Lucius of Cyrene, and
Manaen, foster-brother to Herod the Tetrarch, and
Saul. As they ministered to the Lord, and fasted ^,"
the Holy Ghost separated two of them for His work.
This " ministering" to the Lord with fasting was surely i^ S\.^u>vyj-
some solemn intercessory service. And this agrees
with a passage in St. James's Epistle, which seems
to invest the Elders of the Church with this same
privilege of the priesthood. " Is any sick among
you ? Let him call for the Elders of the Church,
and let them pray over him, (not pray with him
merely,) anointing him with oil in the name of the
Lord ; and the jyrayei- of faith (not the oil merely,)
1 Is. Ixii. 6, 7. » Actsxiii. 1, 2.
350 ST. PETER. [Serm.
shall save the sick, and the Lord shall raise him
up." In like manner St. Paul speaks of Epaphras
as " our dear fellow-servant, who is for you," that
is, for the Colossians to whom he is writing, " a
faithful minister of Christ." Presently he explains
what was the service which Epaphras did for them:
" always labouring fermntly fm^ you in pimyer, that
ye may stand perfect and complete in all the will
of God V
7. We may end these remarks by recurring to the
instances of St. Peter and St. John the Baptist;
who, as types of God's ordained servants, before
and after His Son's coming, may serve to explain
the office of ordinary Christian Ministers. Even
the lowest of them is " greater than John." Now,
what was it that he wanted ? Was it the knowledge
of Gospel doctrine f No surely ; no words can be
clearer than his concerning the New Covenant.
" Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the
sin of the world." " He that cometh from above,
is above all. . . He whom God hath sent speaketh
the words of God, for God giveth not the Spirit by
measure unto Him. The Father loveth the Son,
and hath given all things into His hand. He that
believeth on the Son hath everlasting life, and he
that believeth not the Son shall not see life, but the
wrath of God abideth on him I" Therefore, the
Baptist lacked not the full Christian doctrine ; what
» James v. 14, 15. Col. i. 7. iv. 12.
' John i. 29. iii. 31— 36.
XXV] THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 351
lie did lack, was (as he says himself) the Baptism of
the Spirit^ conveying a commission from Christ the
Saviom", in all His manifold gifts, ordinary and ex-
traordinary, Regal and Sacerdotal. John was not
inferior to us Gospel Ministers in knowledge, but in
power.
On the other hand, if, as I have made appear, St.
Peter's ministerial office continues as regards ordi-
nary purposes, in the persons of those who come
after him, we are bound to understand our Lord's
blessing, pronounced in the first instance upon him,
as descending in due measure on the least of us
His Ministers who " keep the faith," Peter being
but the representative and type of them all.
"Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona; for flesh and
blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but My
Father, which is in heaven. And I say also unto
thee, that thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will
build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not
prevail against it. And I will give unto thee the
keys of the Kingdom of Heaven ; and whatsoever
thou shalt bind on earth, shall be bound in heaven,
and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth, shall be
loosed in heaven." August and glorious promise !
Can it be, that it is all expended on St. Peter, how
great soever that noble Apostle ? Is it inserted in
the " everlasting Gospel," to witness merely of one
long since departed ? Is it the practice of the in-
spired word to exalt individuals? Does not the
very exuberance of the blessing resist any such
352 ST. PETER. [Serm.
niggardly use of it ? Does it not flow over in spite
of us, till our unbelief is vanquished by the graci-
ousness of Him who spoke it ? Is it, in short, any
thing but the prejudices of education, which prevent
so many of us from receiving it in that fulness of
grace in which it was poured out ?
I say our prejudices, — for these surely are the
cause of our inconsistency in faith ; adopting, as we
do, a rule of Scripture interpretation, which carries
us a certain way, and stops short of the whole
counsel of God, and should teach us nothing, or
a great deal more. If the promises to Christ's
Apostles are not fulfilled in the Church for ever
after, why should the blessing attaching to the Sa-
craments extend after the first age ? Why should
the Lord's Supper be now the Communion of the
Lord's Body and Blood? Why should Baptism
convey spiritual privileges ? Wliy should any part
of Scripture afford permanent instruction? Why
should the way of life be any longer narrow ? Why
should the burden of the Cross be necessary for
every disciple of Christ ? Why should the Spirit of
adoption any longer be promised us? Why should
separation fi-om the world be now a duty ? Happy
indeed it is for men that they are inconsistent ; for
then, though they lose some part of a Christian's
faith, at least they keep a portion. This will
happen in quiet times, and in the case of those
who are of mature years, and whose minds have
been long made up on the subject of religion. But
XXV.] THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. S53
should a time of controversy arise, then such in-
consistencies become of fearful moment as regards
the multitude called Christian, who have not any
decided convictions to rest upon. Inconsistency of
creed is sure to attract the notice of the intellect,
unless habit has reconciled the heart to it. There-
fore, in a speculative age, such as our own, a reli-
gious education which involves such inconsistency,
is most dangerous to the unformed Christian, who
will set straight his traditionary creed by unlearn-
ing the portion of truth it contains, rather than by
adding that in which it is deficient. Hence, the
lamentable spectacle, so commonly seen, of men,
who deny the Apostolic commission proceeding to
desrrade the Eucharist from a Sacrament to a bare
commemorative rite ; or to make Baptism such a
mere outward form, and sign of profession, as it
would be childish or fanciful to revere. And rea-
sonably; for they who think it superstitious to
believe that particular persons are channels of
grace, are but consistent in denying virtue to par-
ticular ordinances. Nor do they stop even here ;
for, denying the grace of baptism, they proceed to
deny the doctrine of original sin, for which that
grace is the remedy \ Further, denying the doc-
trine of original sin, they necessarily impair the
' E. g. A Dissenting Catechism has lately been published in
the country for popular use, in which the doctrine of original
sin is denied, by way of meeting the charge of cruelty towards
children, as involved in the omission of infant baptism.
VOL. II. A a
354 ST. PETER. [Serm.
doctrine of the Atonement, and so prepare a way
for the denial of our Lord's divinity. Again, de-
nying the power of the Sacraments on the ground
of its mysteriousness, demanding from the very texts
of Scripture the fullest proof of it conceivable, and
thinking little of the blessedness of " not seeing,
and yet believing," they naturally proceed to object
to the doctrine of the Trinity as obstructing and
obscuring the simplicity (as they consider it,) of the
Gospel, and but indirectly deducible from the ex-
tant documents of inspiration. Lastly, after they
have thus divested the divine remedies of sin, and
the treatment necessary for the sinner, of their
solemnity and awe, having made the whole scheme
of salvation of as intelligible and ordinary a charac-
ter as the repair of any accident in the works of
man, having robbed Faith of its mysteries, the
Sacraments of their virtue, the Priesthood of its
commission, no wonder that sin itself is soon con-
sidered a venial matter, moral evil as a mere im-
perfection, man as involved in no great peril or
misery, his duties of no very arduous or anxious
nature. In a word, religion, as such, is in the way
to disappear from the mind altogether ; and in its
stead a mere cold worldly morality, a decent regard
to the claims of society, a cultivation of the bene-
volent affections, and a gentleness and polish of ex-
ternal deportment, will be supposed to constitute
the entire duties of that being, who is conceived in
sin and the child of wratli, is redeemed by the pre-
XXV.] THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY. 355
cious blood of the Son of God, is born again and sus-
tained by the Spirit through the invisible strength
of Sacraments, and called, through self-denial and
sanctification of the inward man, to the Eternal
Presence of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.
Such is the course and the issue of unbelief, though
besrinnins: in what the world calls trifles. Beware
then, O my Brethren, of entering a way which
leads to death. Fear to question what Scripture
says of the Ministers of Christ, lest the same per-
verse spirit lead you on to question its doctrine
about Himself and his Father. " Little children,
it is the last time ; and, as ye have heard that
Antichrist shall come, even now are there many
Antichrists . . . They went out from us, but they
were not of us \" " Ye shall know them by their
fruits ^" If any man come to you, bringing any
scoff against the power of Christ's Ministers, ask
him what he holds concerning the Sacraments, or
concerning the Blessed Trinity ; look narrowly after
his belief as regards the Atonement, or Original
Sin. Ascertain whether he holds with the Church's
doctrine in these points ; see to it whether at very
best he does not try to evade the question, has
recourse to explanations, or professes to have no
opinion at all upon it. Look to these things, that
you may see whither you are invited. Be not
robbed of your faith blindfold. Do what you do
' 1 John ii. 18, 19. » Matt. vii. 16.
Aa 2
356 ST. PETER. [Serm. XXV.
with a clear understanding of the consequences.
And if the arguments which he uses against you
tend to show that your present set of opinions is in
some measure inconsistent, and force you to see in
Scripture more than you do at present, or else less,
be not afraid to add to it, rather than to detract
from it. Be quite sure that, go as far as you may,
you will never, through God's grace, be led to see
more in it than the early Christians saw; that,
however you enlarge your creed, you will but carry
yourselves on to Apostolic perfection, equally re-
moved from the extremes of Popish irreverence
and of Socinian unbelief, neither intruding into
things not seen as yet, nor denying what you
cannot see K
* This Sermon was designed for publication before the Author
had seen Dr. Arnold's third volume of Sermons.
fat3*»'^ ?h^«jA. lit- /iW-Z-iw^i
SERMON XXVI.
THE FEAST OF ST. JAMES THE APOSTLE.
HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY.
Matt. xx. 23.
To sit on My right hand and on My left is not Mine to give ; but
it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared of My Father.
In these words to which the Festival of St. James
the Greater especially directs our minds, our Lord
solemnly declares that the high places of His King-
dom are not His to give, — which can mean nothing
else, than that the assignment of them does not
simply and absolutely depend upon Him ; for that
He will actually dispense them at the last day, and
moreover is the meritorious cause of any being
given, is plain from Scripture. I say. He avers
most solemnly that something besides His own will
and choice is necessary, for obtaining the posts of
honour about His throne ; so that we are naturally
led on to ask, where it is that this awfiil prerogative
is lodged. Is it with His Father ? He proceeds to
speak of His Father ; but neither does He assign it
358 ST. JAMES. [Seem-.
to Him, " It shall be given to them for whom it
is prepared of My Father." The Father's foreknow-
ledge and design are announced, not His choice.
" Whom He did foreknow, them He did predesti-
nate." He prepares the reward, and confers it,
but upon whom? No answer is given us, unless
it is conveyed in the words which follow, — upon
the humble : — " Whosoever will be great among
you, let him be your minister, and whosoever will
be chief among you, let him be your servant."
Some parallel passages may throw further light
upon the question. In the description our Lord
gives us of the Last Judgment, He tells us He shall
say to them on His right hand, " Come ye blessed
of My Father, inherit the Kingdom prepared for
you from the foundation of the world." Here we
have the same expression ; who then are the heirs
for whom the Kingdom is prepared ? He tells us
expressly, those who fed the hungry and thirsty,
lodged the stranger, clothed the naked, visited the
sick, came to the prisoners, for His sake. Consider
again an earlier passage in the same chapter. To
whom is it that He will say, " Enter thou into the
joy of thy Lord ?" — to those whom He can praise
as " good and faithful servants," who have been
" faithful over a few things." Tliese two passages
then carry our search just to the very same point, as
that of which the text is a part. They lead u^from
the thought of God and Christ, and throw us upon
human agency and responsibility, for the solution
XXVI.] HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY, 359
of the question; and they finally lodge us there,
unless indeed other texts of Scripture can be pro-
duced to lead us on further still. We know for
certain that they for whom the Kingdom is prepared
are the humble, the charitable, and the diligent in
the improvement of their gifts ; to which another
text (for instance,) adds the spiritually-minded ; —
" Eye hath not seen the things which God hath
prepared for them that Icroe Him '." Is this as far
as we can go ? does it now depend ultimately on
ourselves, or on any one else, that we come to be
humble, charitable, diligent, and lovers of God ?
Now, in answering this question religious men
have for many centuries differed in opinion ; not
indeed in the first and purest ages of the Church,
but when corruptions began to steal in. In the
primitive times it was always considered that,
though God's grace was absolutely necessary for
us from first to last, — ^before we believed, in order
to our believing, and while we obeyed and worked
righteousness, in order to our obeying, — so that not
a deed, word, or thought could be pleasing to Him
without it ; yet, that after all the human mind had
also from first to last a power of resisting grace,
and thus (as the foregoing texts imply) had com-
mitted to it the ultimate determination of its own
fate, whether to be saved or rejected, the respon-
sibility of its conduct, and, if rejected, the whole
' Matt. XXV. 21. 34—36. 1 Cor. ii. 9.
360 ST. JAMES. [Serm.
blame of it. However, at the beginning of the fifth
century, when shadows were coming over the
Church, a celebrated Doctor arose, whose name
must ever be honoured by us, for his numberless
gifts, his diligence, and his extended usefulness,
whatever judgment may be passed on certain of his
opinions. He is known in the Theological Schools
as the first to have given some sort, of sanction to
two doctrines hitherto unknown in the Church, and
apparently far removed from each other, as indeed
are the modern Systems in which they are found.
The one is the Predestinarian Hypothesis^; viz.
^ " When, towards the close of his controversy with the Pela-
gians, he (Augustine) entered largely and systematically into
his own peculiar views of election and predestination, ... it
was, even by those who concurred in the general drift of his
previous anti-pelagian treatises . . . objected to him that he was
now superfluously advancing a scheme of doctrine hitherto un-
known and unheard of, a scheme of doctrine contrary to the opi-
nion of all antecedent fathers, and contrary to the sense of the
entire Church Catholic. . . . Augustine was charged with novelty
. . . But how does the great Bishop of Hippo act under the
present allegation . . . After much superfluous discussion, and
(I fear) with a too evident reluctance to meddle with the appeal
to antiquity, [he] claims to produce exactly three witnesses in
his favour, Cyprian, to wit, and Ambrose, and Gregory of Nazi-
anzum . . . But in truth, with the scanty exception of nine words
written by Ambrose, their several testimonies are altogether
nugatory and irrelevant ; so that m point of historical evidence,
as afforded by those fathers who preceded Augustine, the whole
mighty fabric of . . . Austinism, rests upon the single Ambrosian
sentence : Deus, quos dignatur, vocat ; et quem vult, religiosum
facit." — Faber's Trinilarianism, vol. i. p. x — xiii.
XXVL] HUMAN RESPONSIBtLITY. 6*61
that, in spite of the text, it is God and Christ with
whom the ultimate decision concerning the indivi-
dual's state depends ; that His grace does not
merely suggest, influence, precede, and follow, but
forms in the soul a new character, not by the soul's
instrumentality, but immediately by Himself, and
is effectual with some not with others, at His own
will, not at the individual's. The one, I say, is this
Predestinarian Doctrine ; and the other is the doc-
trine of Purgatory K With this latter I am not
now concerned ; and mention it only as a remark-
able fact, that the same Teacher, highly to be
venerated except where he deviates from Catholic
doctrine, should have first sanctioned certain cha-
racteristics of two Systems, which lie on either
side, as of the Primitive, so of the present Anglican
Church. Dismissing the coincidence with this re-
mark, I proceed to make some brief observations
on the ground of argument on which the Predesti-
narian Doctrine rests.
It is doubtless a great mystery, how it is that
* Vid. Bull, Sermon iii. p. 77. Augustine however did no
more than state the doctrine conjecturally. " The first," says
Archbishop Usher, " whom we find directly to have held, that
* for certain light faults there is a purgatory fire,' provided
before the day of judgment, was Gregory the First, about
the end of the sixth age after the birth of our Saviour Christ."
Answer to a Jesuit, ch. 6. Nay, as Bishop Taylor tells us,
even " St. Gregory Pope affirms that which is perfectly incon-
sistent with the whole doctrine of Purgatory." Dissuasive,
p. 2. ii. 2.
362 ST. JAMES. [Serm.
one man believes, and another rejects the Gospel.
It is altogether a mystery; we cannot get at all
beyond the fact, and must be content with our
ignorance. But men of reasoning, subtle, and rest-
less minds, have within them a temptation to in-
quisitiveness ; they cannot acquiesce in the limits of
God's revelation, and go on to assume a cause for
the strange things they see, when they are not told
one. Thus they argue that a man's self cannot be
the ultimate cause of his faith or unbelief, else there
would be more first causes than God in the world :
as if the same reasoning would not show that God
is the Author of evil ; or as if it were more intel-
ligible, why the Divine Will should chose this man
and reject that, than why an individual man should
chose or reject good or evil. When then they see,
as is constantly seen in life, two persons, in edu-
cation the same, in circumstances the same, both
baptized, both admitted to full Church privileges,
one turning out well, the other ill, astonished at
the mystery, they hastily say, " Here is God's
secret election ! God has decreed life to one, and
has passed over the other ; else why this difference of
conduct ?" when they should bow the head, and wait
till the day of the revelation of all secrets. Again,
they assume that the will is subjected to the influ-
ence of the reason, affections, and the like, in the
same uniform way in which material bodies obey
the laws of matter ; — that, certain inducements or
a certain knowledge being presented, the mind can
XXVI.] HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY. 363
but act in one way ; so that, its movements vary-
ing, on a given rule, according to influences from
without, (whether from the world or from God,)
every one's doom must be determined, either by
the mere chance of external circumstances, (which
is irrational,) or else, certainly by the determina-
tion of God. Such are their reasonings ; and it is
remarkable that they should trust to reasoning, and
in so special a way, considering they are commonly
the men who speak against human reason as fallible
and corrupt, when it is brought to oppose their opi-
nions. Such grounds of argument, then, we may
dismiss at once, except in philosophical discussions,
certainly when we speak as Christians.
Next, let us inquire whether there be any Scrip-
ture reason, for breaking the chain of doctrine which
the text suggests. Christ gives the Kingdom to
those for whom it is prepared of the Father ; the
Father prepares it for those who love and serve Him.
Does Scripture warrant us in reversing this order,
and considering that any are chosen to love Him
by His irreversible decree? The disputants in
question maintain that it does.
1. Scripture is supposed expressly to promise
perseverance, when men once savingly partake of
grace ; as where it is said, " He which hath begun
a good work in you, will perform it until the day of
Jesus Christ ' ;" and hence it is inferred that the
salvation of the individual rests ultimately with
• Phil. i. 6.
364 ST. JAMES. [Serm.
God, and not with himself. But here I would
object in the outset to applying to individuals, pro-
mises and declarations made to bodies, and of a
general nature. The question in debate is, not
whether God carries forward bodies of men, such
as the Christian Church, to salvation, but whether
He has accorded any promise of indefectibility to
given individuals ? Those who differ from us say,
that individuals are absolutely chosen to eternal
life ; let them then reckon up the passages in Scrip-
ture where perseverance is promised to individuals.
Till they can satisfy this demand, they have done
nothing by producing such a text as that just cited ;
which, being spoken of the body of Christians, do
but impart that same kind of encouragement, as is
contained in otter general declarations, such as the
statement about God's willingness to save. His
being in the midst of us, and the like.
But let us suppose, for argument's sake, that
such passages may be applied to individuals ; for
instance, as when Christ says, that no one " shall
pluck His sheep out of His Father's hand." Now,
I would maintain that here a condition is under-
stood, as is constantly the case in Scripture, as in
other writings ; viz. that, while the sheep " follow"
Christ, and keep within the fold, none can pluck
them thence. God proclaims His name to Moses,
as " forgiving iniquity, and transgression, and sin,
and that will by no means clear the guilty ' ;" but
' John X. 28. Exod. xxxiv. 7.
XXVI.] HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY. 365
what would be thought of a commentator who
hence inferred that the impenitent might be for-
given, and the repenting sinner fail of pardon ?
Again, "It is God which worketh in you both
to will and to do of His good pleasure \" What
is this but a declaration, that on the whole all our
sanctification is from first to last God's work ? how
does it interfere with this, to say that we may
effectually resist that work ? Might it not truly
be said that the cure of a sick person was wholly
attributable to the physician, without denying that
the former, had he so chosen, might have obsti-
nately rejected the medicine, or that there might
have been (though there was not,) some malignant
habit of body, which completely baffled the medical
art ? Does the chance of failure make it less the
physician's work when there is not failure ?
In truth, the two docrines of the sovereign and
overruling power of divine grace, and man's power
of resistance, need not at all interfere with each
other. They lie in different provinces, and are (as
it were,) incommensurables. Thus St. Paul evi-
dently accounted them ; else he could not have in-
troduced the text in question with the exhortation,
" Work out" or accomplish " your own salvation
with fear and trembling, ybr it is God which work-
eth" or acts " in you." So far was he from think-
ing man's distinct working inconsistent with God's
• Phil. ii. 12, 13.
366 ST. JAMES. [Serm.
continual aiding, that he assigns the knowledge of
the latter as an encouragement to the former. Let
me challenge then a Predestinarian to paraphrase
this text. We, on the contrary, find no insuperable
difficulty in it, considering it to enjoin upon us a
deep awe and reverence, while we engage in those
acts and efforts which are to secure our salvation,
from the belief that God is in us and with us, in-
specting and succouring our every thought and deed.
Would not the Jewish High Priest, on the Great
Day of Atonement, when going through his several
acts of propitiation in God's presence, without and
within the Veil, " exceedingly fear and quake," lest
he should fail in aught put upon him ; and shall
not we in our more blessed Covenant, knowing that
God Himself is within us, and in all we do, fear
the more from the thought, that after all, we have
our own part in the work, and must do it well, if
we are to be saved ? What, on the other hand, is
the meaning of saying with the Predestinarian,
" Work anxiously, because, in reality, you have no
work to do?"
I say this, not so much by way of argument
against him, as to show that a text which might be
adduced in his behalf, chances (so to say) to be
implicated with an exhortation, such as proves that
it, and therefore similar passages, cannot really
be explained as he would have it ; proves, that his
argument from it, " The whole work of salvation
is of God, therefore man has no real part in securing
1
XXVI.] HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY. 367
it," in fact runs contrary to the Apostle's own
argument from his own words, " Man must exert
himself, became God is present with him.'* It is
quite certain that a modern Predestinarian never
could have vrritten such a sentence.
Another instructive passage of this kind is our
Lord's declaration, with St. John's comment upon
it, in the sixth chapter of his Gospel, " There are
some of you that believe not. For Jesus knew
from the beginning who they were that believed
not, and who should betray Him. And He said,
Therefwe, said I unto you, that no man can come
unto Me, unless it were given unto Mm of My
Father r Here, in the plain meaning of the words,
God's foreknowledge of the issue of free will in
individuals is made compatible (though the man-
ner how is not told us,) with electing grace.
" Whom He did foreknow, He also did predesti-
nate."
Take again another passage. " I obtained mercy,
because I did it ignorantly ;" " I obtained mercy,
that in me first Jesus Christ might show forth all
longsuffering ^" It appears that the Apostle saw
no inconsistency in preaching that no sinner can
claim forgiveness, yet that those who are less guilty
than others obtain it. These two doctrines do not
seem to have come into collision in his mind, any
more than in our own ; but it is quite plain that
' John vi. 64, 65. 1 Tim. i. 13. 16.
368 ST. JAMES. [Serm.
a Predestinarian never would have introduced the
second while descanting on the first.
2. In the next place, there are many passages
of the following kind, which are sometimes taken
to favour the Predestinarian view, and require
explanation. " God hath blessed us with all spiri-
tual blessings in heavenly places in Christ, accord-
ing as He hath chosen us in Him before the foun-
dation of the world, that we should be holy and
without blame before Him in love, having predes-
tinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus
Christ to Himself, according to the good pleasure
of His will." Here certainly an election is spoken
of, irrespective of the conduct of the individuals
who are subjects of it. Again*, " By grace are ye
saved through faith; and that salvation not of
yourselves, it is the gift of God ^ :" and the like.
But in such passages let it be observed, neither
heaven, nor the grace of Sanctification is spoken of,
but the present privilege, high indeed and peculiar
to the Gospel, but only a privilege, of regenera-
tion. This great Christian gift of course includes
in it the communication of a sanctifying grace ; but
such a grace may be, and under circumstances has
been, given vrithout it. The Jews were aided by
the Spirit of Sanctification, not of Regeneration.
They were not the sons of God, as we are ; whereas
in every age " the just have lived by faith," and
' Eph. i. 3—5. ii. 8.
XXVI.] HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY. 369
the like fruits of Sanctification. Now, where are
we told that this Sanctifying Grace is irrespective
of the free-will of individuals ? for this is the point.
On the other hand, we readily grant that the grace
of Regeneration is such ; we grant that it is all
that certain teachers would consider Sanctification
to be. It is a definite and complete gift conveyed,
not orraduallv, but at once : or at least it has not
more than a second degree, in the rite of Confirma-
tion, wherein what is given in Baptism is sealed and
secured ; and moreover, it is a state distinct from
every other, consisting in the Sacred Presence of
the Spirit of Christ in soul and body ; and lastly, it is
bestowed on this man or that, not by any rule which
we can discover, but at the inscrutable decree of
Him, who calls into His Church whom He will. But
faith, together with the other gifts of Sanctification,
is not thus bestowed. In its nature it is independ-
ent of Regeneration, and, in the formal scheme of
the Gospel, it is antecedent to it. It is the ante-
cedent condition for receiving the Ordinances which
convey and seal Regeneration, — Baptism and Con-
firmation. Hence, St. John says, " As many as
received Him, to them gave He power to become
the sons of God, even to them that believe on His
name, which were bom, not of blood, nor of the
will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of
God." And St. Paul, " Believing in Christ, ye
were sealed with that Holy Spirit of jyromise, which
, VOL. II. B b
870 ST. JAMES. [Serm.
is the earnest of our inheritance, until the redemp-
tion of the purchased possession \"
It avails not, therefore, to enlarge upon the cha-
racteristics of the Christian Election, with a view of
proving the irreversible decrees of God concerning
t\iQ final salvation of individuals.
3. Lastly, there are passages, which speak of
God's judicial dealings with the heart of man ; in
which, doubtless, He does act absolutely at His
sole will, — yet not in the beginning of His Provi-
dence towards us, but at the close. Thus He is
said " to send " on men " strong delusiori to believe
a lie ;" but only on those who " received not the
love of the Truth that they might be saved ^." Such
irresistible influences do but pre-suppose, instead of
superseding our own accountableness.
These three explanations then being allowed
their due weight, — the compatibility of God's sove-
reignty over the soul, with man's individual agency,
the distinction between Regeneration, and faith
and obedience, and the judicial purpose of certain
divine influences upon the heart, — let us ask what
does there remain of Scripture evidence in behalf of
the Predestinarian doctrines ? Are we not obliged
to leave the mystery of human agency and respon-
sibility, as we find it ? as truly a mystery in itself
' Johni. 12, 13. Eph. i. 13, 14.
^ 2 Thess. ii. 10, 11.
XX VI.] HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY. 371
as that which concerns the Nature and Attributes
of the Divine Mind.
Surely it will be our true happiness thus to con-
duct ourselves ; to use our reason, in getting at the
true sense of Scripture, not in making a series of de-
ductions from it ; in unfolding the doctrines therein
contained, not in adding new ones to them; in ac-
quiescing in what is told, not in indulging curiosity
about the " secret things" of the Lord our God.
I conclude with the following text, which while
it is a solemn warning to us all to turn to God with
a true heart, states with a force not to be explained
away, that revealed Will with which we are bound
to rest satisfied. '" As I live, saith the Lord God, I
have no pleasure in the death of the wicked ; but
that the wicked turn from his way and live. Turn
ye, turn ye from your evil ways, for why will ye
die, O House of Israel *."
, * Ez. xxxiii. 11.
B b 2
SERMON XXVII.
THE FEAST OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE.
GUILELESSNESS.
John i. 47.
Jesus saw Nathanael coming to Him, and saith of him, Behold
an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile.
St. Bartholomew, whose Festival we celebrate
to-day, has been supposed to be the same as the
Nathanael mentioned in the text. Nathanael was
one of Christ's first converts, yet his name does not
occur again till the last chapter of St. John's Gospel,
where he is mentioned in company with certain of
the Apostles, to whom Christ appeared after His
resurrection. Now why should the call of Natha-
nael have been recorded in the opening of the
Gospel, among the acts of Christ in the beginning
of His Ministry, except he was an Apostle ? Philip,
Peter, and Andrew, who are mentioned at the same
time, were all Apostles ; and Nathanael's name is
introduced without preface, as if familiar to a Chris-
tian reader. At the end of the Gospel it appears
Serm. XXVII.] GUILELESSNESS. 37S
again, and there too among Apostles. Besides,
the Apostles were the special witnesses of Christ,
when He was risen. He manifested Himself, " not
to all the people," says St. Peter, " but unto wit-
nesses chosen before of God, even to us, who did
eat and drink with Him after He rose from the
dead^" Now, the occasion on which Nathanael
is mentioned, was one of these manifestations.
" This is now the third time," says the Evangelist,
" that Jesus was manifested to His disciples, after
that He was risen from the dead." It was in the
presence of Nathanael, that He gave St. Peter his
commission, and foretold his martyrdom, and the
prolonged life of St. John. This leads us to con-
jecture that Nathanael is one of the Apostles
under another name. Now he is not Andrew,
Peter, or Philip, for they are mentioned in con-
nexion with him in the first chapter of the Gospel ;
nor Thomas, James, or John, in whose company he
is found in the last chapter ; nor Jude, (as it would
seem,) because the name of Jude occurs in St. John's
fourteenth chapter. Four Apostles remain, who
are not named in his Gospel, — St. James the Less,
St Matthew, St. Simon, and St. Bartholomew ; of
whom St. Matthew's second name is known to have
been Levi, while St. James, being related, was not
at any time a stranger to our Lord, which Natha-
nael evidently was. If then Nathanael were an
* Acts X. 41.
374 ST. BARTHOLOMEW. [Serm.
Apostle, he was either Simon or Bartholomew.
Now it is observable, that, according to St. John,
Philip brought Nathanael to Christ ; therefore Na-
thanael and Philip were friends : while in the other
Gospels, in the list of Apostles, Philip is associated
with Bartholomew ; " Simon and Andrew, James
and John, Philip and Bartholomew ^" This is some
evidence that Bartholomew and not Simon is the
Nathanael of St. John. On the other hand, Mat-
thias has been suggested instead of either, his name
meaning nearly the same as Nathanael in the ori-
ginal language. However, since writers of some
date decide in favour of Bartholomew, I shall do
the like in what follows.
What then do we learn from his recorded cha-
racter and history? It affords us an instructive
lesson.
When Philip told him that he had found the
long expected Messiah, of whom Moses wrote,
Nathanael (that is, Bartholomew) at first doubted.
He was well read in the Scriptures, and knew the
Christ was to be born in Bethlehem ; whereas Jesus
dwelt at Nazareth, which Nathanael supposed in
consequence to be the place of his birth, — and
he knew of no particular promises attached to that
city, which was a place of evil report, and he
thought no good could come out of it. Philip told
him to come and see ; and he went to see, as a
' Matt. X. 3.
XXVII.] GUILELESSNESS. 375
humble single-minded man, sincerely desirous to get
at the truth. In consequence, he was vouchsafed an
interview with our Saviour, and was converted.
Now, from what occurred in this interview, we
gain some insight into St. Bartholomew's character.
Our Lord said of him, " Behold an Israelite indeed,
in whom is no guile ;" and it appears, moreover, as
if before Philip called him to come to Christ, he
was engaged in meditation or prayer, in the privacy
which a fig-tree's shade afforded him. And this, it
seems, was the life of one who was destined to act
the busy part of an Apostle ; quietness without,
guilelessness within. This was the tranquil prepa-
ration for great dangers and sufferings ! We see
who make the most heroic Christians, and are the
most honoured by Christ !
An even unvaried life is the lot of most men, in
spite of occasional troubles or other accidents ; and
we are apt to despise it, and to get tired of it, and
to long to see the world, — or, at all events, we think
such a life affords no great opportunity for religious
obedience. To rise up, and go through the same
duties, and then to rest again, day after day, — to pass
week after week, beginning with God's service on
Sunday, and then to our worldly tasks, — so to con-
tinue till year follows year, and we gradually get old,
— an unvaried life like this is apt to seem unpro-
fitable to us when we dwell upon the thought of it.
Many indeed there are, who do not think at all ; —
but live in this round of employments, without care
376 ST. BARTHOLOMEW. [Sehm.
about God and religion, driven on by the natural
course of things in a dull irrational way like the
beasts that perish. But when a man begins to feel
he has a soul, and a work to do, and a reward to
be gained, greater or less, according as he improves
the talents committed to him, then he is naturally
tempted to be anxious from his very wish to be
saved, and he says : " What must I do to please
God ?" And sometimes he is led to think he ought
to be useful on a large scale, and goes out of his
line of life, that he may be doing something worth
doing, as he considers it. Here we have the history
of St. Bartholomevf and the other Apostles to recall
us to ourselves, and to assure us that we need not
give up our usual manner of life, in order to servo
God, that the most humble and quietest station is
acceptable to Him, if improved duly, nay, affords
means for maturing the highest Christian character,
even that of an Apostle. Bartholomew read the
Scriptures and prayed to God ; and thus was trained
at length to give up his life for Christ, when He
demanded it.
But further, let us consider the particular praise
which our Saviour gives him. " Behold an Is-
raelite indeed, in whom is no guile." This is just
the character which (through God's grace) they
may attain most fully, who live out of the world
in the private way I have been describing, — which
is made least account of by man, and thought
to be in the M^ay of success in life, though our
K-
XXVII.] GUILELESSNESS. S77
Saviour chose it to make head against all the power
and wisdom of the world. Men of the world think
an ignorance of its ways is a disadvantage or dis-
grace ; as if it were somehow unmanly and weak
to have abstained from all acquaintance with its im-
pieties and lax practices. How often do we hear them
say that a man must do so and so, unless he would
be singular and absurd ; that he must not be too
strict, or indulge high-flown notions of virtue, which
may be good to talk about, but are not fit for this
world ! When they hear of any young person
resolving on being consistently religious, or being
strictly honest in trade, or observing a noble purity
in Janguage and demeanour, they smile and think
it very well, but that it will and must wear off
in time. And they are ashamed of being inno-
cent, and pretend to be worse than they really are.
Then they have all sorts of little ways — are mean,
jealous, suspicious, censorious, cunning, insincere,
selfish ; and think others as low-minded as them-
selves, only proud, or in some sense hypocritical,
unwilling to confess their real motives and feelings.
To this base and irreligious multitude is opposed
the Israelite indeed, in whom there is no guile.
David describes his character in the fifteenth Psalm ;
and, taken in all its parts, it is a rare one. lie
asks, " Lord, who shall abide in Thy tabernacle ?
who shall dwell in Thy holy hill ? He that walketh
uprightly, and worketli righteousness, and speaketh
the truth in his heart. He that backbiteth not with
378 ST. BARTHOLOMEW. [Serm.
his tongue, nor doeth evil to his neighbour, nor
taketh up a reproach against his neighbour. In
whose eyes a vile person is contemned; but he
honoureth them that fear the Lord. He that swear-
eth to his own hurt, and changeth not."
I say, it is a difficult and rare virtue, to mean
what we say, to love without dissimulation, to
think no evil, to bear no grudge, to be free from
selfishness, to be innocent and straightforward.
This character of mind is something far above
the generality of men ; and, when realized in due
measure, one of the surest marks of Christ's
elect. And the instances which we may every now
and then discover of it among Christians, will be
an evidence to us, if evidence be wanting, that, in
spite of all that grovelling minds may say about
the necessity of acquaintance with the world and
with sin, in order to get on well in life, yet after
all, inexperienced guilelessness carries a man on as
safely and more happily. For, first, it is in itself a
great privilege to a rightly disposed mind, not to be
sensible of the moral miseries of the world ; and
this is eminently the lot of the simple-hearted.
They take every thing in good part which happens
to them, and make the best of every one ; thus they
have always something to be pleased with, not
seeing the bad, and keenly sensible of the good.
And communicating their own happy peace to those
around them, they really diminish the evils of life
in society at large, while they escape from the
XXVII.] GUILELESSNESS. 379
knowledge of them themselves. Such men are
cheerful and contented ; for they desire but little,
and take pleasure in the least matters, having no
wish for riches and distinction. And they are
under the tyranny of no evil or base thoughts,
havinof never encourao^ed what in the case of other
men often spreads disorder and unholiness through
their whole future life. They have no phan-
toms of former sins, such as remain even to the
penitent, when he has subdued their realities,
rising up in their minds, harassing them, for a
time domineering, and leaving a sting behind
them. Guileless persons are, most of all men,
skilful in shaming and silencing the wicked ; — for
they do not argue, but take things for granted in
so natural a way, that they throw back the sinner
upon the recollection of those times of his youth,
when he was pure from sin, and thought as they
do now; and none but very hardened men can
resist this sort of appeal. Men of irreligious lives
live in bondage and fear; even though they do
not acknowledge it to themselves. Many a one,
who would be ashamed to own it, is afraid of cer-
tain places or times, or of solitude, from a sort of
instinct that he is no company for good spirits, and
that devils may then assail him. But the guile-
less man has a simple boldness and a princely
heart ; he overcomes dangers which others shrink
from, merely because they are no dangers to him,
and thus he often gains even worldly advantages
380 ST. BARTHOLOMEW. [Serm.
by his straightforwardness, which the most crafty-
persons cannot gain, though they risk their souls
for them. It is true such single-hearted men often
get into difficulties, but they usually get out of
them as easily ; and are almost unconscious both
of their danger and their escape. Perhaps they
have not received a learned education, and cannot
talk fluently ; yet they are ever a match for those
who try to shake their faith in Christ by profane
argument or ridicule, for the weakness of God is
stronger than men.
Nor is it only among the poor and lowly that this
blessed character of mind is found to exist. Secular
learning and dignity have doubtless in their respec-
tive ways a powerful tendency to rob the heart of its
brightness and purity ; yet even in kings' courts,
and the schools of philosophy, Nathanaels may be
discovered. Nay, like the Apostle, they have been
subjected to the world's buffetings, they have been
thwarted in their day, lived in anxiety, and seem-
ingly lost by their honesty, yet without being foiled
either of its present comfort or its ultimate fruit.
Such was our great Archbishop and Martyr, to
whom perchance we owe it, that we who now live
are still members of a branch of the Church Ca-
tholic ; one of whose " greatest unpopular infirmi-
ties," according to the historian of his times, was
" that he believed innocence of heart, and integrity
of manners, was a guard strong enough to secure
any man in his voyage through this world, in what
XXVII] ' GUILELESSNESS. 381
company soever he travelled, and through what
ways soever he was to pass. And sure, (he adds,)
never any man was better supplied with that pro-
vision."
I have in these remarks spoken of guileless men
as members of society, because I wished to show,
that, even in that respect in which they seem de-
ficient, they possess a hidden strength, an uncon-
scious wisdom, which makes them live above the
world, and sooner or later triumph over it. The
weapons of their warfare are not carnal ; and they
are fitted to be Apostles, though they seem to be
ordinary men. Such is the blessedness of the in-
nocent, that is, of those who have never given way
to evil, or formed themselves to habits of sin ;
who in consequence literally do not know its power
or its misery, who have thoughts of truth and peace
ever before them, and are able to discern at once
the right and wrong in conduct, as by some delicate
instrument, which tells truly because it has never
been ill-treated. Nay, such may be the portion
(through God's mercy) even of those who have at one
time departed from Him, and then repented ; in
proportion as they have learned to love God, and
have purified themselves, not only from sin, but
from the recollections of it.
Lastly, more is requisite for the Christian, even
than guilelessness such as Bartholomew's. When
Christ sent forth him and his brethren into the
world. He said, " Behold, I send you forth as
382 ST. BARTHOLOMEW. [Sekm. XXVII.
sheep in the midst of wolves ; be ye therefore wise
as serpents and harmless as doves." Innocence
must be joined to prudence, discretion, self-com-
mand, gravity, patience, perseverance in well-doing,
as Bartholomew doubtless learned in due season
under his Lord's teaching; but innocence is the
beginning. Let us then pray God to fulfil in us
" all the good pleasure of His goodness, and the
work of faith with power ;" that if it should please
Him suddenly to bring us forward to great trials,
as He did His Apostles, we may not be taken by
surprise, but be found to have made a private or
domestic life a preparation for the achievements of
Confessors and Martyrs.
SERMON XXVIII.
THE FEAST OF ST. MATTHEW THE APOSTLE.
THE DANGER OF RICHES.
Luke vi. 24.
Woe unto you that are rich ! for ye have received your con-
solation.
Unless we were accustomed to read the New
Testament from our childhood, I think we should
be very much struck with the warnings which it
contains, not only against the love of riches, but
the very possession of them ; we should wonder
with a portion of that astonishment which the
Apostles at first felt, who had been brought up
in the notion that they were a chief reward which
God bestowed on those He loved. As it is, we
have heard the most solemn declarations so con-
tinually, that we have ceased to attach any distinct
meaning to them ; or, if our attention is at any time
drawn more closely to them, we soon dismiss the
subject on some vague imagination, that what is
1
38i ST. MATTHEW. [Skhm.
said in Scripture had a reference to the particular
times when Christ came, without attempting to
settle its exact application to us, or whether it has
any such application at all, — as if the circumstance
that the interpretation requires care and thought,
were an excuse for giving no thought nor care
whatever to the settling of it.
But, even if we had ever so little concern in the
Scripture denunciations against riches and the love
of riches, the very awfulness of them might have
seemed enough to save them from neglect ; just as
the flood, and the judgment upon Sodom and
Gomorrah, are still dwelt upon by Christians with
solemn attention, though we have a promise against
the recurrence of the one, and trust we shall never
be so deserted by God's grace as to call down upon
us the other. And this consideration mav lead a
man to suspect that the neglect in question does
not entirely arise from unconcern, but from a sort
of misgiving that the subject of riches is one which
cannot be safely or comfortably discussed by the
Christian world at this day ; that is, which cannot
be discussed without placing the claims of God's
Law and the pride of life into visible and perplexing
opposition.
Let us then see what the letter of Scripture says
on the subject. For instance, consider the text.
" Woe unto you that are rich ! for ye have received
your consolation !" The words are sufficiently
clear, (it will not be denied,) as spoken of rich
XXVIIL] DANGER OF RICHES. 385
persons in our Saviour's day. Let the full force of
the word " consolation," be observed. It is used by
way of contrast to the comfort which is promised
to the Christian in the list of Beatitudes ^ Com-
fort in all the fulness of that word, as including
help, guidance, encouragement, and support, is
the peculiar promise of the Gospel. The Promised
Spirit who has taken Christ's place, was called by
Him " the Comforter." There is then something
very fearful in the intimation of the text, that those
who have riches thereby receive their portion, such
as it is, in full, instead of the Heavenly Gift of the
Gospel. The same doctrine is implied in our
Lord's words in the parable of Dives and Lazarus.
" Son, remember thou in thy lifetime receivedst
thy good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things ;
but now he is comfm^ted^ and thou art tormented."
At another time He said to His Disciples, " How
hardly shall they that have riches enter into the
kingdom of God ! for it is easier for a camel to go
through a needle's eye, than for a rich man to enter
into the kingdom of God ^"
Now it is usual to dismiss such passages with
the remark that they are directed, not against
those who have, but against those who trust in
riches; as if forsooth they implied no connexion
between the having and the trusting, no warning
Matt. V. 4. * Luke xvi. 25. xviii. 24, 25.
VOL. II. CO
386 ST. MATTHEW. [Serm.
lest the possession led to the idolatrous reliance on
them, no necessity of fear and anxiety in the pos-
sessors, lest they should become castaways. And
this irrelevant distinction is supposed to find coun-
tenance in our Lord's own language on one of the
occasions above referred to, in which He first says,
" How hardly shall they that Jiam riches," then,
" How hard is it for them that trust in riches, to
enter into the kingdom of God ;" whereas, surely.
He only removes His disciples' false impression,
that the bare circumstance of possessing wealth
was inconsistent with a state of salvation, and no
more interprets having by trusting, than makes trust-
ing essential to having. He connects the two,
without identifying, without explaining away ; and
the simple question which lies for our determination,
is this : — whether, considering that they who had
riches when Christ came, were likely in His judg-
ment idolatrously to trust in them, there is, or is
not, reason for thinking that this likelihood varies
materially in different ages ; and, according to the
solution of this question, must we determine the
application of the woe pronounced in the text to
these times. And, at all events, let it be observed,
it is for those who would make out that these pas-
sages do Tiot apply now, to give their reasons for
their opinion; the burden of proof is with them.
Till they draw their clear and reasonable distinc-
tions between the first and the nineteenth century,
XXVIII.] DANGER OF RICHES. 387
the denunciation hangs over the world that is, as
much as over the Pharisees and Sadducees at our
Lord's coming.
But, in truth, that our Lord meant to speak of
riches as being in some sense a calamity to the
Christian, is plain, not only from such texts as the
foregoing, but from His praises and recommenda-
tion on the other hand of poverty. For instance,
" Sell that ye have and give alms ; provide your-
selves bags which wax not old." " If thou wilt be
perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the
poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven."
" Blessed be ye poor ; for yours is the kingdom of
God." " When thou makest a dinner or a supper,
call not thy friends, nor thy brethren, neither thy
kinsmen, nor thy rich neighbours .... but ....
call the poor, the maimed, the lame, the blind."
And in like manner, St. James : " Hath not God
chosen the poor of this world, rich in faith, and
heirs of that kingdom which He hath promised to
them that love Him ^ ?" Now I cite these texts in
the way of doctrine, not of precept. Whatever be
the line of conduct they prescribe to this or that
individual (with which I have nothing to do at
present,) so far seems clear, that according to the
rule of the Gospel, the absence of wealth, is, as such,
a more blessed and a more Christian state than the
possession of it.
* Luke xii. 33. Matt. xix. 21. Luke vi. 20. xiv. 12, 13.
James ii. 5.
c c 2
,'388 ST. MATTHEW. [Serm.
The most ob\'ious danger which worldly posses-
sions present to our spiritual welfare is, that they
become practically a substitute in our hearts for
that One Object to which our supreme devotion
is due. They are present ; God is unseen. They
are means at hand of effecting what we want ;
whether God will hear our petitions for such
things, is uncertain ; or rather, I may say, certain
in the negative. Thus they minister to the cor-
rupt inclinations of our nature ; they promise and
are able to be gods to us, and such gods too as
require no service, but, like dumb idols, exalt the
worshipper, impressing him with a notion of his
own power and security. And in this consist their
chief and most subtle mischief. Religious men
are able to repress, nay extirpate sinful desires, the
lust of the flesh and of the eyes, gluttony, drunken-
ness, and the like, love of amusements and frivo-
lous pleasures and display, indulgence in luxuries
of whatever kind ; but as to wealth, they cannot
easily rid themselves of a secret feeling that it gives
them a footing to stand upon, an importance, a
superiority ; and in consequence they get attached
to this world, lose sight of the duty of bearing the
Cross, become dull and dim-sighted, and lose
their delicacy and precision of touch, are numbed
(so to say) in their fingers'-ends, as regards reli-
gious interests and prospects. To risk all upon
Christ's word seems somehow unnatural to them,
extravagant, and evidences a morbid excitfhent;
XXVIII.] DAxXGER OF RICHES. 389
and death, instead of being a gracious, however
awful release, is not a welcome subject of thought.
They are content to remain as they are, and do not
contemplate a change. They desire and mean to
serve God, nay actually do serve Him in their
measure ; but not with the keen sensibilities, the
noble enthusiasm, the grandeur and elevation of
soul, the dutifulness and affectionateness towards
Christ, which becomes a Christian, but as Jews
might obey, who had no Image of God given them
except this created world, " eating their bread with
joy, and drinking their wine with a merry heart,"
caring that " their garments be always white, and
their head lacking no ointment, living joyfully
with the wife whom they love all the days of the
life of their vanity," and " enjoying the good of
their labour \" Not, of course, that the due use of
God's temporal blessings is wrong, but to make
them the object of our affections, to allow them to
beguile us from the " One Husband" to whom we are
espoused, is to mistake the Gospel for Judaism.
This then, if we may venture to say so, was some
part of our Saviour's meaning, when He connects
together the having with the trusting in riches;
and it is especially suitable to consider it upon
this day, when we commemorate an Apostle and
Evangelist, whose history is an example and en-
couragement for all those who have, and fear lest
they should trust. But St. Matthew was exposed
' Eccles. ix. 7—0. v. 18.
390 ST. MATTHEW. [Seem.
to an additional temptation, which I shall proceed to
/ consider; for he not only possessed, but he was
I engaged also in the pursuit of wealth. Our Saviour
seems to warn us against this further danger in His
description of the thorns, in the parable of the
Sower, as being " the care of this world and the
deceitfulness of riches ;" and more clearly in the
parable of the Great Supper, where the guests
excuse themselves, one, as having " bought a
piece of ground," another " five yoke of oxen."
Still more openly does St. Paul speak in his first
Epistle to Timothy ; " They that desire to be rich,
fall into temptation and a snare, and into many
foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in de-
struction and perdition. For the love of money is
the root of all evil ; which, while some coveted
after, they have erred from the Faith, and pierced
themselves through with many sorrows '."
The danger of possessing riches is the carnal
security to which they lead ; that of " desiring'^
and 'pursuing them, is, that an object of this world
is thus set before us as the aim and end of life. It
seems to be the will of Christ that His followers
should have no aim or end, pursuit, or business
merely of this world. Here, again, I speak as
before, not in the way of precept, but of doctrine.
I am looking at His holy religion as at a distance,
and determining what is its general character and
' Matt. xiii. 22. Luke xiv. 18, 19. 1 Tim. vi. 9, 10.
XXVIII.] DANGER OF RICHES; 391
spirit, not what may happen to be the duty of this
or that individual who has embraced it. It is His
will that all we do should be done, not unto men,
or to the world, or to self, but to His glory ; and the
more we are enabled to do this simply, the more
favoured we are. Whenever we act with reference
to an object of this world, even though it be ever
so pure, we are exposed to the temptation, (not
irresistible, God forbid !) still to the temptation of
setting our hearts upon obtaining it. And there-
fore, we call all such objects excitements^ as stimu-
lating us incongruously, casting us out of the
serenity and stability of heavenly faith, attracting
us aside by their proximity from our harmonious
round of duties, and making our thoughts converge
to something short of that which is infinitely High
and eternal. Such excitements are of perpetual
occurrence, and the mere undergoing them, so far
from involving guilt in the act itself or its results,
is the great business of life and the discipline of our
hearts. It is often a sin to withdraw from them,\
as has been the case of some perhaps who have 1
gone into Monasteries to serve God more entirely. )
On the other hand, it is the very duty of the Spiri-
tual Ruler to labour for the flock committed to him,
to suffer and to dare; St. Paul was encompassed
with excitements hence arising, and his writings
show the agitating effect of them on his mind. He
was like David, a man of war and blood; and
that, for our sakes. Still it holds good that tlie
^.-O t-
392 ST. MATTHEW. [Serm.
essential spirit of the Gospel is " quietness and
confidence;" that the possession of these is the
highest gift, and to gain them perfectly our main
aim. Consequently, however much a duty it is to
undergo excitements when they are sent upon us,
it is plainly unchristian, a manifest foolishness and
sin, to seek out any such, whether secular or reli-
gious. Hence gaming is so great an offence ; as
being a presumptuous creation on our part of a
serious, if not an overpowering temptation to fix the
heart upon an object of this world. Hence, the
mischief of many amusements of (what is called) the
fashion of the day ; which are devised for the very
purpose of taking up the thoughts, and making
time pass easy. Quite contrary is the Christian
temper, which is in its perfect and peculiar enjoy-
ment when engaged in that ordinary, unvaried
course of duties which God assigns, and which the
world calls dull and tiresome. To get up day after
day to the same employments, and to feel happy
in them, is the great lesson of the Gospel ; and,
when exemplified in those who are alive to the
temptation of being busy, it implies a heart weaned
from the love of this world. True it is, that illness
of body, as well as restlessness of mind, may occa-
sionally render such a life a burden ; it is true also,
that indolence, self-indulgence, timidity, and other
similar bad habits, may indulge in it by prefer-
ence, as a pretext for neglecting more active duties.
Men of energetic minds and talents for action are
lAA,
XXVIII.] DANGER OF RICHES. 393
called to a life of trouble ; they are the compensa-
tions and antagonists of the world's evils : still let
them never forget their place ; they are men of war,
and we war that we may obtain peace. They are
but men of war, honoured indeed by God's choice,
and in spite of all momentary excitements, resting
in the depth of their hearts upon the One True
Vision of Christian faith ; still after all, they are but
soldiers in the open field, not builders of the Temple,
nor inhabitants of those " amiable" and specially
blessed " Tabernacles" where the worshipper lives
in praise and intercession, and is militant amid the
unostentatious duties of ordinary life. " Martha,
Martha, thou art anxious and troubled about many
things; but one thing is needful, and Mary has
chosen that good part which shall not be taken
away from her '." Such is our Lord's judgment, Jcit ^^*{> I
showing that our true happiness consists in being
at leisure to serve God without excitements. For
this gift we especially pray in one of our Collects :
" Grant, O Lord, that the course of this world may
be so peaceably ordered by Thy governance, that
Thy Church may joyfully serve Thee in all godly
quietness ^." Persecution, civil changes, and the
like, break in upon the Church's calm. The great-
est privilege of a Christian is to have nothing to do
with worldly politics, — to be governed and to sub-
mit obediently; and, though here again, selfish-
' Luke X. 41, 42. ' Vid. 1 Tim. ii. 2.
394 ST. MATTHEW. [Sebm.
ness may creep in, and lead a man to neglect public
concerns in which he is called to take his share,
yet, after all, such participation must be regarded
as a duty, scarcely as a privilege, as the fulfilment
of trusts committed to him for the good of others,
not as the enjoyment of rights, (as men talk in these
days of delusion,) not as if political power were in
itself a good.
To return to the subject immediately before us,
I say then, that it is a part of Christian caution to
see that our engagements do not become pursuits.
Engagements are our portion, but pursuits are for
the most part of our own choosing. We may be
engaged in worldly business, without pursuing
worldly objects ; " not slothful in business," yet
" serving the Lord." In this then consists the
danger of the pursuit of gain, as by trade and the
like. It is the most common and widely extended
of all excitements. It is one in which every one
almost may indulge, nay, and will be praised by the
world for indulging. And it lasts through life ; in
that differing from the amusements and pleasures of
the world, which are short-lived, and succeed one
after another. Dissipation of mind, which these
amusements create, is itself indeed, miserable
enough ; but far worse than this dissipation is the
concentration of mind upon some worldly object,
which admits of being constantly pursued, — and
such is the pursuit of gain. Nor is it a slight aggra-
vation of the evil, that anxiety is almost sure to
XXVIII.] DANGER OF RICHES. 395
attend it. A life of money-getting is a life of care ;
from the first there is a fearful anticipation of loss
in various ways to depress and unsettle the mind,
nay to haunt it, till a man finds he can think about
nothing else, and is unable to give his mind to reli- ]
gion from the constant whirl of business in which I
he is involved. It is well this should be understood.
You may hear men talk as if the pursuit of wealth
was the business of life. They will argue that by
the law of nature a man is bound to gain a liveli-
hood for his family, and that he finds a reward in
doing so, an innocent and honourable satisfaction, as
he adds one sum to another, and counts up his gains.
And i^erhaps they go on to argue, that it is the very
duty of man since Adam's fall, " in the sweat of his
face," by effort and anxiety, " to eat bread." How
strange it is that they do not remember Christ's
gracious promise, repealing that original curse, and
obviating the necessity of any real pursuit after " the
meat that perisheth !" In order that we might be
delivered from the bondage of corruption, He has
expressly told us that the necessaries of life shall
never fail his faithful follower, any more than the
meal and oil the widow-woman of Sarepta; that,
while he is bound to labour for his family, he need
not be engrossed by his toil, — that while he is busy,
his heart may be at leisure for his Lord. " Be not
anxious, saying, what shall we eat? or, what we
shall drink ? or wherewithal shall we be clothed ?
For after all these things do the Gentiles seek ; for
2
396 ST. MA'ITHEW. [Serm.
your Heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need
of all these things. But seek ye first the kingdom
of God and His righteousness ; and all these things
shall be added unto you." Here is revealed to us at
once our privilege and our duty, the Christian por-
tion of having engagements of this world without
pursuing objects. And in accordance with our Di-
vine Teacher are the words of the Apostle, intro-
ductory of a passage already cited. " We brought
nothing into this world, and it is certain we can
carry nothing out. And having food and raiment,
let us be therewith content ^" There is no excuse
then for that absorbing pursuit of wealth, which
many men indulge in, as if a virtue, and expatiate
upon as if a science. " After all these things do the
Gentiles seek !" Consider how different is the rule
of life left us by the Apostles. " I speak this for
your own profit," says St. Paul, " that ye may attend
upon the Lord without distraction." " This I say,
brethren, the time is short ; it remaineth, that both
they that have wives be as though they had none,
and they that weep as though they wept not, and
they that rejoice as though they rejoiced not, and
they that buy, as though they possessed not, and
they that use this world, as not abusing it, for the
fashion of this world passeth away." " Be anxious
for nothing ; but in every thing, by prayer and sup-
plication with thanksgiving, let your requests be
' Matt. vi. 1 Tim. vi. 7, 8.
XXVIII.] DANGER OF RICHES. 397
made known unto God." And St. Peter, " Casting
all your anxiety upon Him, for He careth for you ^"
I have now given the main reason, why the pur-
suit of gain, whether in a large or small way, is
prejudicial to our spiritual interests, that it fixes the
mind upon an object of this world; yet others
remain behind. Money is a sort of creation, and
gives the acquirer, even more than the possessor, an
imagination of his own power ; and tends to make
him idolize self Again, what we have hardly won,
we are unwilling to part with ; so that a man who
has himself made his wealth, will commonly be
penurious, or at least will not part with it except in
exchange for what will reflect credit upon liimself,
or increase his importance. Even when his con-
duct is most disinterested and amiable, (as in
spending for the comfort of those who depend on
him,) still this indulgence of self, of pride and
worldliness, insinuates itself. Very unlikely there-
fore is it that he should be liberal towards God ;
for religious offerings are an expenditure without
sensible return, and that upon objects for which
the very pursuit of wealth has indisposed his mind.
Moreover, if it may be added, there is a consi-
derable tendency in occupations connected with
gain to make a man unfair in his dealings, that is,
in a subtle way. There are so many conventional '
deceits and prevarications in the details of the
• 1 Cor. vii. 29—31. 35. Phil. iv. 6. 1 Pet. v. 7.
398 ST. MATTHEW. J^Serm.
world's business, so much intricacy in the manage-
ment of accounts, so many perplexed questions
about justice and equity, so many plausible subter-
fuges and fictions of law, so much confusion between
the distinct yet approximating outlines of honesty
and civil enactment, that it requires a very straight-
forward mind to keep firm hold of strict conscienti-
ousness, honour and truth, and to look at matters
in which he is engaged, as he would have looked on
jthem, supposing he now came upon them all at
pnce as a stranger.
And if such be the effect of the pursuit of gain
on an individual, doubtless it will be the same on a
nation ; and if the peril be so great in the one case,
why should it be less in the other ? Rather consi-
dering that the tendencies of things are sure to be
brought out, where time and numbers allow them
fair course, is it not certain that any multitude, any
society of men, whose object is gain, will on the
whole be actuated by those feelings, and moulded
into that character, which has been above described ?
With this thought before us, it is a very fearful
consideration that we belong to a nation which in
good measure subsists by making money. I will not
pursue it ; nor inquire whether the especial political
evils of the day have not their root in that principle,
which St. Paul calls the root of all evil, the love of
money. Only let us consider the fact, that we are
money-making people, with our Saviour's declara-
tions before us against wealth, and trust in wealth ;
XXVIII.] DANGER OF RICHES. 399
and we shall have abundant matter for serious
thought.
Lastly, with this dreary view before us of our
condition and prospects as a nation, the pattern of
St. Matthew is our consolation; for it suggests
that we, Christ's ministers, may use great freedom
of speech, and state unreservedly the peril of wealth
and gain, without aught of harshness or uncharita-
bleness towards individuals who are exposed to it.
They may be brethren of the Evangelist, who left
all for Christ's sake. Nay such there have been
(blessed be God !) in every age ; and in proportion
to the strength of the temptation which surrounds
them, is their blessedness and their praise, if they
are enabled amid the " wares of the seas " and the
" great wisdom of their traffick" to hear Christ's
voice, to take up their Cross, and follow Him.
SERMON XXIX.
THE FEAST OF ST. MICHAEL AND ALL ANGELS.
THE POWERS OF NATURE.
Psalm civ. 4.
Who maketh His Angels spirits, His Ministers a flaming fire.
On to-day's Festival it well becomes us to direct
our minds to the thought of those Blessed Servants
of God, who have never tasted of sin ; who are
among us, though unseen, ever serving God joy-
fully on earth as well as in heaven ; who minister,
through their Maker's condescending will, to the
redeemed in Christ, the heirs of salvation.
There have been ages of the world, in which men
have thought too much of Angels, and paid them
excessive honour ; honoured them so perversely as
to forget the supreme worship due to Almighty
God. This is the sin of a dark age. But the sin
of what is called an educated age, such as our own,
is just the reverse ; to account slightly of them, or
Serm. XXIX.] THE POWERS OF NATURE. 401
not at all, to ascribe all we see around us, not to
their agencj, but to certain assumed laws of nature.
This, I say, is likely to be our sin, in proportion as
we are initiated into the learning of this world ; —
and this is the danger of many (so called) philoso-
phical pursuits, now in fashion, and recommended
zealously to the notice of large portions of the com-
munity, hitherto strangers to them, — chemistry,
geology, and the like ; the danger, that is, of rest-
ing in things seen, and forgetting unseen things,
and our ignorance about them.
I will attempt to say what I mean more at length.
The text informs us that Almighty God makes His
Angels spirits or winds, and His Ministers a flame
of fire. Let us consider what is implied in this.
1. What a number of beautiful and wonderful
objects does Nature present on every side of us !
and how little we know concerning them ! In some
indeed we see symptoms of intelligence, and we
get to form some idea of what they are. For in-
stance, about brute animals we know little, but still
we see they have sense, and we understand that
their bodily form which meets the eye is but the in-
dex, the outside token of something we do not see.
Much more in the case of men ; we see them move,
speak, and act, and we know that all we see takes
place in consequence of their will, because they have
a spirit within them, though we do not see it. But
why do rivers flow ? Why does rain fall ? Why does
the sun warm us ? And the wind, why does it blow ?
VOL. II. D d
402 ST. MICHAEL. [Serm.
Here our natural reason is at fault ; we know, I
say, that it is the spirit in man and in beast that
makes man and beast move, but reason tells us of
no spirit abiding in what is commonly called the
natural world, to make it perform its ordinary
duties. Of course, it is God's will which sustains it
all ; so does God's will enable us to move also, yet
this does not hinder, but, in one sense, we may
be truly said to move ourselves; but how do
the wind and water, earth and fire move ? Now
here Scripture interposes, and seems to tell us,
that all this wonderful harmony is the work of
Angels. Those events which we ascribe to chance
as the weather, or to nature as the seasons, are
duties done to that God who maketh His Angels to
be winds, and His Ministers a flame of fire. For
example, it was an Angel which gave to the pool
at Bethesda its medicinal quality ; and there is no
reason why we should doubt that other health-
springs in this and other countries are made such
by a like unseen ministry. The fires on Mount
Sinai, the thunders and lightnings, were the work
of Angels ; and in the Apocalypse we read of the
Angels restraining the four winds. Works of ven-
geance are likewise attributed to them. The
fiery lava of the volcanoes, which (as it appears)
was the cause of Sodom and Gomorrah's ruin, was
caused by the two angels who rescued Lot. The
hosts of Sennacherib were destroyed by an Angel,
by means (it is supposed) of a suffocating wind.
XXIX.] THE POWERS OF NATURE. 403
The pestilence in Israel when David numbered
the people, was the work of an Angel. The
earthquake at the resurrection was the work of
an Angel. And in the Apocalypse the earth
is smitten in various ways by Angels of ven-
geance '.
Thus, as far as the Scripture communications
go, we learn that the course of Nature which is so
wonderful, so beautiful, and so fearful, is effected
by the ministry of these unseen beings. Nature is
not inanimate ; its daily toil is intelligent ; its
works are dviies. Accordingly, the Psalmist says,
" The heavens declare the glory of God, and the
firmament showeth His handy-work." " O Lord,
Thy word endureth for ever in heaven. Thy truth
also remaineth from one generation to another;
Thou hast laid the foundation of the earth, and it
abideth. They continue this day according to
Thine ordinance, for all things serve Thee ^."
I do not pretend to say, that we are told in
Scripture what Matter is ; but I affirm, that as our
souls move our bodies, be our bodies what they
may, so there are Spiritual Intelligences which
move those wonderful and vast portions of the
natural world, which seem to be inanimate ; and,
as the gestures, speech, and expressive counte-
* John V. 4. Exod. xix. 16 — 18. Gal. iii. 19. Acts vii. 53.
Rev. vii. 1. Gen. xix. 13. 2 Kings xix. 35. 2 Sam. xxiv.
15 — 17. Matt, xxviii. 2. Rev. viii. ix. xvi.
* Psa. xix. 1. cxix. 89 — 91.
D d 2
404 ST. MICHAEL. [Serm.
nance of our friends around us enable us to hold
intercourse with them, so in the motions of universal
Nature, in the interchange of day and night, sum-
mer and winter, wind and storm, fulfilling His
word, we are reminded of the blessed and dutiful
Angels. Well then, on this day's Festival, may
we sing the hymn of those Three Holy Children
whom Nebuchadnezzar cast into the fiery furnace.
The Angels were bid change the nature of the
flame, and make it harmless to them ; and they in
turn called on all the creatures of God, on the
Angels especially, to glorify Him. Though many
hundreds of years have passed since that time, and
the world now vainly thinks it knows more than it
did, and that it has found the real causes of the
things it sees, still may we say with grateful and
simple hearts, " O all ye works of the Lord, O ye
Angels of the Lord, O ye sun and moon, stars of
heaven, showers and dew, winds of God, light and
darkness, mountains and hills, green things upon
the earth, bless ye the Lord, praise Him, and
magnify Him for ever." Thus, whenever we look
abroad, we are reminded of those most gracious
and holy Beings, the servants of the Holiest, who
deign to minister to the heirs of salvation. Every
breath of air and ray of light and heat, every
beautiful prospect, is, as it were, the skirts of their
garments, the waving of the robes of those, whose
faces see God in heaven. And I put it to any one,
whether it is not as philosophical, and as full of in-
XXIX.] THE POWERS OF NATURE. 405
tellectual enjoyment, to refer the movements of tLe
natm-al world to them, as to attempt to explain
them by certain theories of science ; useful as these
theories certainly are for particular purposes, and
capable (in subordination to that higher view) of a
religious application?
2. And thus I am led to another use of the
doctrine under consideration. While it raises the
mind, and gives it matter of thought, it is also
profitable as a humbling doctrine, as indeed I
have already' shown. Vain man would be wise,
and he curiously examines the works of Nature, as
if they were lifeless and senseless ; as if he alone
had intelligence, and they were base inert matter,
however curiously contrived at the first. So he
goes on, tracing the order of things, seeking for
Causes in that order, giving names to the wonders
he meets with, and thinking he understands what
he has given a name to. At length he forms a
theory, and recommends it in writing, and calls
himself a philosopher. Now all these theories of
science, which I speak of, are useful, as classifying,
and so assisting us to recollect, the works and ways
of God and of His ministering Angels. And again,
they are ever most useful, in enabling us to apply
the course of His providence, and the ordinances
of His will to the benefit of man. Thus we are
enabled to enjoy God's gifts; and let us thank
Him for the knowledge which enables us to do so,
and honour those who are His instruments in com-
406 ST. MICHAEL. [Serm.
municating it. But if such a one proceeds to ima-
gine that, because he knows something of this
world's wonderful order, he therefore knows how
things really go on, if he treats the miracles of
Nature (so to call them) as mere mechanical pro-
cesses, continuing their course by themselves, — as
works of man's contriving (a clock, for instance,) are
set in motion, and go on, as it were, of themselves,
— if in consequence he is, what may be called, irre-
verent in his conduct towards Nature, thinking (if
I may so speak) that it does not hear him, and see
how he is bearing himself towards it ; and, if more-
over he conceives that the Order of Nature, which he
partially discerns, will stand in the place of the God
who made it, and that all things continue and move
on, not by His will and power, and the agency of
the thousands and ten thousands of His unseen
Servants, but by fixed laws, self-caused and self-
sustained, what a poor weak worm, and miserable
sinner he becomes ! Yet such, I fear, is the con-
dition of many men now-a-days, who talk loudly,
and appear to themselves and others to be oracles
of science, and as far as the detail of facts goes, do
know much more about the operations of Nature
than any of us.
Now let us consider what the real state of the
case is. Supposing the inquirer I have been
describing, when examining a flower, or a herb,
or a pebble, or a ray of light, which he treats
as something so beneath him in the scale of exist-
XXIX.] THE POWERS OF NATURE. 407
ence, suddenly discovered that he was in the pre-
sence of some powerful being who was hidden
behind the visible things he was inspecting, who,
though concealing his wise hand, was giving them
their beauty, grace and perfection, as being God's
instrument for the purpose, nay whose robe and
ornaments those wondrous objects were, which he
was so eager to analyze, what would be his
thoughts? Should we but accidentally show a
rudeness of manner towards our fellow man, tread
on the hem of his garment, or brush roughly
against him, are we not vexed, not as if we had
hurt him, but from the fear we may have been dis-
respectful ? David had watched the awful pestilence
three days, not with curious eyes, but doubtless
with indescribable terror and remorse ; but, when
at length he " lifted up his eyes and saw the
Angel of the Lord," (who caused the pestilence)
" stand between the earth and the heaven, having a
drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jeru-
salem, then David and the elders, who were clothed
in sackcloth, fell upon their faces \" The mys-
terious irresistible pestilence became still more
fearful when the cause was known ; — and what is
true of the painful, is true on the other hand of
the pleasant and attractive operations of Nature.
When then we walk abroad, and " meditate in the
field at the eventide," how much has every herb and
' 1 Chron. xxi. 16.
408 ST. MICHAEL. [Serm.
flower in it to surprise and overwhelm us ! For,
even did we know as much about them as the
wisest of men, yet there are those around us,
though unseen, to whom our greatest knowledge is
as ignorance ; and, when we converse on subjects
of Nature scientifically, repeating the names of
plants and earths, and describing their properties,
we should do so religiously, as in the hearing of
the great Servants of God, with the sort of diffi-
dence which we always feel when speaking before
the learned and wise of our own mortal race, as
poor beginners in intellectual knowledge, as well
as in moral attainments.
Now I can conceive persons saying all this is fan-
ciful ; but if it appears so, it is only because we are
not accustomed to such thoughts. Surely we are
not told in Scripture about the Angels for nothing,
but for practical purposes; nor can I conceive a
use of our knowledge more practical than to make
it connect the sight of this world with the thought
of another. Nor one more consolatory ; for surely
it is a great comfort to reflect that, wherever we
go, we have those about us, who are ministering to
all the heirs of salvation, though we see them not.
Nor one more easily to be understood and felt by
all men ; for we know that at one time the doctrine
of Angels was received even too readily. And if
any one would argue hence against it as dangerous,
let him recollect the great principle of our Church,
that the abuse of a thing does not supersede the
XXIX.J THE POWERS OF NATURE. 409
use of it ; and let him explain, if he can, St. Paul's
exhorting Timothy not only as " before God and
Christ," but before "the elect Angels" also. Hence,
in the Communion Service our Church teaches us
to join our praises with that of " Angels and Arch-
angels, and all the Company of heaven ;" and the
early Christians even hoped that they waited on the
Church's seasons of worship, and glorified God with
her. Nor are these thoughts without their direct
influence on our faith in God and His Son ; for the
more we can enlarge our view of the next world,
the better. When we survey Almighty God sur-
rounded by His Holy Angels, His thousand thou-
sands of ministering Spirits, and ten thousand times
ten thousand standing before Him, the idea of His
awful Majesty rises before us more powerfully and
impressively. We begin to see how little we are,
how altogether mean and worthless in ourselves,
and how high He is, and fearful. The very lowest
of His Angels is indefinitely above us in this our
present state ; how high then must be the Lord of
Angels ! The very Seraphim hide their faces before
His glory, while they praise Him ; how shame-
faced then should sinners be, when they come into
His presence !
Lastly, it is a motive to our exertions in doing
the will of God, to think that, if we attain to
heaven, we shall become the fellows of the blessed
Angels. Indeed what do we know of the courts of
heaven, but as peopled by them? and therefore
410 ST. MICHAEL. (Serm. XXIX.
doubtless, they are revealed to us, that we may have
something to fix our thoughts on, when we look
heavenwards. Heaven indeed is the palace of
Almighty God, and of Him doubtless we must
think in the first place ; and again of His Son our
Saviour, who died for us, and who is manifested in
the Gospels, in order that we may liave something
definite to look forward to: for the same cause,
surely, the Angels also are revealed to us, that
heaven may be as little as possible an unknown
place in our imaginations.
Let us then entertain such thoughts as these of
the Angels of God ; and while we try to think of
them worthily, let us beware lest we make the con-
templation of them a mere feeling, and a sort of
luxury of the imagination. This world is to be a
world of practice and labour ; God reveals to us
glimpses of the Third Heaven for our comfort ; but
if we indulge in these as the end of our present being,
not trying day by day to purify ourselves for the
future enjoyment of the realities, they become but
a snare of our enemy. The Services of religion,
day by day, obedience to God in our calling and in
ordinary matters, endeavours to imitate our Saviour
Christ in word and deed, constant prayer to Him,
and dependence on Him, these are the due prepara-
tion for receiving and profiting by His revelations ;
whereas many a man can write and talk beauti-
fully about them, who is not at all better or nearer
heaven for all his excellent words. ^. -t ^a i a *]
SERMON XXX.
THE FEAST OF ST. LUKE THE EVANGELIST.
THE DANGER OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS.
ExoD. xxxi. 6.
In the hearts of all that are wise-hearted, T have put wisdom.
St. Luke differed from his fellow-evangelists and
disciples in having received the advantages of (what
is called) a liberal education. In this respect he
resembled St. Paul, who, with equal accomplish-
ments, appears to have possessed even more learn-
ing. St. Luke is said to have been a native of
Antioch, a city celebrated for the refined habits and
cultivated intellect of its inhabitants ; and his pro-
fession was that of a physician or surgeon, which of
itself evidences him to have been in education
something above the generality of men. Tliis is
confirmed by the character of his WTitings, which
are superior in composition to any part of the New
Testament, excepting some of St. Paul's Epistles.
There are persons who doubt whether what are
called " accomplishments," whether in literature
2
412 ST. LUKE. [Serm.
or the fine arts, can be consistent with deep and
practical seriousness of mind. They think that
attention to these argues a lightness of mind, and
at least, takes up time which might be better em-
ployed ; and, I confess, at first sight they seem to
be able to say much in defence of their opinion.
Yet, notwithstanding, St. Luke and St. Paul were
accomplished men, and evidently took pleasure in
their accomplishments.
I am not speaking of human learning ; this also
many men think inconsistent with simple uncor-
rupted faith. They suppose that learning must make
a man proud. This is of course a great mistake ;
but of it I am not speaking, but of an over-jealousy
of accomplishments^ the elegant arts and studies,
such as poetry, literary composition, painting, music,
and the like ; which are considered, (not indeed to
make a man proud, but) to make him trifling. Of
this opinion, how far it is true, and how far not true,
T am going to speak ; being led to the consideration
of it by the known fact, that St. Luke was a polished
writer, and yet an Evangelist.
Now, that the accomplishments I speak of have
a tendency to make us trifling and unmanly, and
therefore, are to be viewed by each of us with sus-
picion as far as regards himself, I am ready to
admit, and shall presently make clear. I allow,
that in matter of fact, refinement and luxury, ele-
gance and effeminacy, go together. Antioch, the
most polished, was the most voluptuous city of
XXX.] DANGER OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS. 413
Asia. But the al)use of good things is no argument
against the things themselves; mental cultivation
may be a divine gift, though it is abused. All
God's gifts are perverted by man ; health, strength,
intellectual power, are all turned by sinners to bad
purposes, yet they are not evil in themselves :
therefore an acquaintance with the elegant arts
may be a gift and a good, and intended to be an
instrument of God's glory, though numbers who
have it are rendered thereby indolent, luxurious,
and feeble-minded.
But the account of the building of the Tabernacle
in the wilderness, from which the text is taken, is
decisive on this point. It is too long to read to
you, but a few verses will remind you of the nature
of it. " Thou shalt speak unto all that are wise-
hearted, whom I have filled with the Spirit of wis-
dom, that they may make Aaron's garments to
consecrate him, that he may minister unto Me in
the priest's office." " See I have called by name
Bezaleel . . . and have filled him with the Spirit
of God, in wisdom, and in understanding, and in
knowledge, and in all manner of workmanship, to
devise cunning works, to work in gold, and in
silver, and in brass, and in cutting of stones, to set
them, and in carving of timber, to work all manner
of workmanship." " Take ye from among you an
offering unto the Lord ; whosoever is of a willing
heart let him bring it, an offering of the Lord, gold,
and silver, and brass, and blue, and purple, and
414 ST. LUKE. [Serm.
scarlet, and fine linen, and goats' hair, and rams'
skins dyed red, and badgers' skins, and shittim
wood, and oil for the light, and spices for anointing
oil, and for the sweet incense, and onyx stones, and
stones to be set for the ephod, and for the breast-
plate. And every wise-hearted among you shall
come and make all that the Lord hath com-
manded ^"
How then is it, that what in itself is of so excel-
lent, and (I may say) divine a nature, is yet so
commonly perverted ? I proceed to state what is
the danger, as it appears to me, of being accom-
plished, with a view to answer this question.
Now, the danger of an elegant and polite educa-
tion is, that it separates feeling and acting ; it
teaches us to think, speak, and be affected aright,
without forcing us to practise what is right. I will
take an illustration of this, though somewhat a
familiar one, from the effect produced upon the
mind by reading what is commonly called a romance
or novel, which comes under the description of
polite literature, of which I am speaking. Such
works contain many good sentiments ; (I am taking
the better sort of them,) characters too are intro-
duced, virtuous, noble, patient under suffering, and
triumphing at length over misfortune. The great
truths of religion are upheld, we will suppose, and
enforced ; and our affections excited and interested
' Exod. xxviii. 3. xxxi. 2 — 5. xxxv. 5 — 10.
XXX.] DANGER OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS. 415
in what is good and true. But it is all fiction ; it
does not exist out of a book which contains the
beginning and end of it. We have nothing to do ;
we read, are affected, softened or roused, and that
is all ; we cool again, — nothing comes of it. Now
observe the effect of this. God has made us feel
in order that we may go on to act in consequence of
feeling ; if then we allow our feelings to be excited
without acting upon them, we do mischief to the
moral system within us, just as we might spoil a
watch, or other piece of mechanism, by playing
with the wheels of it. We weaken its springs,
and they cease to act truly. Accordingly, when we
have got into the habit of amusing ourselves with
these works of fiction, we come at length to feel
the excitement without the slightest thought or
tendency to act upon it ; and, since it is very diffi-
cult to begin any duty without some emotion or
other, (that is, on mere principles of dry reasoning,)
a grave question arises, how, after destroying the
connection between feeling and acting, how shall
we get ourselves to act when circumstances make
it our duty to do so ? For instance, we will say we
have read again and again, of the heroism of facing
danger, and we have glowed with the thought of
its nobleness. We have felt how great it is to bear
pain, and submit to indignities, rather than wound
our conscience ; and all this, again and again, when
we had no opportunity of carrying our good feel-
ings into practice. Now, suppose at length we
416 ST. LUKE. [Serm.
actually come into trial, and let us say, our feelings
become roused, as often before, at the thought of
boldly resisting temptations to cowardice, shall we
therefore do our duty, quitting ourselves like men?
rather, we are likely to talk loudly, and then run
from the danger. Why? — rather let us ask, why
notf what is to keep us from yielding? Because
yjQfeel aright ? nay, we have again and again felt
aright, and thought aright, without accustoming
ourselves to act aright, and, though there was an
original connexion in our minds between feeling
and acting, there is none now ; the wires within
us, as they may be called, are loosened and
powerless.
And what is here instanced of fortitude, is true
in all cases of duty. The refinement which litera-
ture gives, is that of thinking, feeling, knowing
and speaking, right, not of acting right ; and thus,
while it makes the manners amiable, and the con-
versation decorous and agreeable, it has no ten-
dency to make the conduct, the practice of the man
mrtuous.
Observe, I have supposed the works of fiction, I
speak of, to inculcate right sentiments ; though
such works (play-books for example,) are often
vicious and immoral. But even at best, supposing
them well principled, still after all, at best, they
are, I say, dangerous, in themselves ; — that is, if
we allow refinement to stand in the place of hardy,
rough-handed obedience. It follows, that I am
XXX.] DANGER OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS. 417
much opposed to certain religious novels, which
some persons think so useful : that they sometimes
do good, I am far from denying ; — but they do more
harm than good. They do harm on the whole;
they lead men to cultivate the religious affections
separate from religious practice. And here I might
speak of that entire religious system, (miscalled
religious,) which makes Christian faith consist, not
in the honest and plain practice of what is right,
but in the luxury of excited religious feeling, in a
mere meditating on our Blessed Lord, and dwelling
as in a reverie on what He has done for us ; — for
such indolent contemplation will no more sanctify
a man in fact, than reading a poem or listening to a
chant or psalm-tune.
The case is the same with the arts last alluded
to, poetry and music. They are especially likely to
make us unmanly, if we are not on our guard, as
exciting emotions without ensuring correspondent
practice, and so destroying the connexion between
feeling and acting ; for I here mean by unmanliness
the inability to do with ourselves what we wish, —
the saying fine things, and yet lying slothfully on
our couch, as if we could not get up, though we ever
so much wished it.
And here I must notice something besides in ele-
gant accomplishments, which goes to make us over-
refined and fastidious, and falsely delicate. In books,
every thing is made beautiful in its way. Pictures
are drawn of complete virtue; little is said about
VOL. II. E e
418 ST. LUKE. [Serm.
failures, and little or nothing of the drudgery of
ordinary, every-day obedience, which is neither
poetical nor interesting. True faith teaches to do
numberless disagreeable things for Christ's sake, to
bear petty annoyances, which we find written down
in no book. In most books Christian conduct is
made grand, elevated, and splendid; so that any
one, who only knows of true religion from books,
) and not from actual endeavours to be religious, is
sure to be offended at religion when he actually
comes upon it, from the roughness and humbleness
of his duties, and his necessary deficiencies in doing
them. It is beautiful in a picture to wash the dis-
ciples' feet ; but the sands of the real desert have
no comeliness in them to compensate for the servile
nature of the occupation.
And further still, it must be observed, that the
art of composing, which is a chief accomplishment,
has in itself a tendency to make us artificial and
insincere. For to be ever attending to the fitness
and propriety of our words, is (or at least there is
the risk of its being) a kind of acting ; and knowing
what can be said on both sides of a subject, is a main
step towards thinking the one side as good as the
other. Hence men in ancient times, who cultivated
polite literature, became what were called "So-
phists;" that is, men who wrote elegantly, and
talked eloquently, on any subject whatever, right or
wrong. St. Luke perchance might have been such
a Sophist, had he not been a Christian.
XXX.] DANGER OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS. 419
Such are some of the dangers of elegant accom-
plishments ; and they beset more or less all educated
persons ; and of these perhaps not the least such
females, as happen to have no very direct duties and
are above the drudgery of common life, and hence
are apt to become fastidious and fine, — to love a
luxurious ease, and to amuse themselves in mere
elegant pursuits, the while they admire and profess
what is religious and virtuous, and think that they
really possess the character of mind which they
esteem.
With these thoughts before us, it is necessary to
look back to the Scripture instances which I began
by adducing, to avoid the conclusion that accom-
plishments are positively dangerous, and unworthy
a Christian. But St. Luke and St. Paul show us,
that we may be sturdy workers in the Lord's ser-
vice, and bear our cross manfully, though we be
adorned with all the learning of the Egyptians, or
rather, that the resources of literature, and the
graces of a cultivated mind, may be made both a
lawful source of enjoyment to the possessor, and a
means of introducing and recommending the Truth
to others ; while the history of the Tabernacle shows
that all the cunning arts, and precious possessions
of this world, may be consecrated to a religious
service, and be made to speak of the world to come.
I conclude then with the following cautions, to
which the foregoing remarks lead. First, we must
avoid giving too much time to lighter occupations ;
E e 2
420 ST. LUKE. [Serm.
and next, we must never allow ourselves to read
works of fiction or poetry, or to interest ourselves
in the fine arts for the mere sake of the things
themselves ; but keep in mind all along that we are
Christians and accountable beings, who have fixed
principles of right and wrong, by which all things
must be tried, and religious habits to be matured
within us, towards which all things are to be made
subservient. Nothing is more common among ac-
complished people, than the habit of reading books
so entirely for reading's sake, as to praise and blame
the actions and persons described in a random way,
according to their fancy, not considering whether
they are really good or bad according to the stand-
ard of moral truth. I would not be austere « but
when this is done habitually, surely it is dangerous.
Such too is the abuse of poetical talent, that sacred
gift. Nothing is more common than to fall into the
practice of uttering fine sentiments, particularly in
letter writing, as a matter of course, or a kind of
elegant display. Nothing more common in singing
than to use words with a light meaning, or a bad
one. All these things are hurtful to seriousness of
character. It is for this reason (to put aside others)
that the profession of stage-players, and again of
orators, is a dangerous one. They learn to say good
things, and to excite in themselves vehement feel-
ings, about nothing at all. If we are in earnest,
we shall let nothing lightly pass by which may do
us good, nor shall we dare to trifle with such sacred
XXX.] DANGER OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS. 421
subjects as morality and religious duty. We shall
apply all we read to ourselves; and this almost
without intending to do so, from the mere sincerity
and honesty of our desire to please God. We
shall be suspicious of all such good thoughts and
wishes, and we shall shrink from all such exhibi-
tion of our principles, as fall short of action. We
shall aim at doing right, and so glorifying our Fa-
ther, and shall exhort and constrain others to do so
also ; but as for talking on the appropriate subjects
of religious meditation, and trying to show piety,
and to excite corresponding feelings in another,
even though our nearest friend, far from doing
this, we shall account it a snare and a mischief. Yet
this is what many persons consider the highest part
of religion, and call it spiritual conversation, the
test of a spiritual mind ; whereas, putting aside the
incipient and occasional hypocrisy, and again the
immodesty of it, I call all formal and intentional
expression of religious emotions, all studied pas-
sionate discourse, dissipation, — dissipation the same
in nature, though different in subject, as what is
commonly so called ; for it is a drain and a waste
of our religious and moral strength, a general weak-
ening of our spiritual powers (as I have already
shown) and all for what ? for the pleasure of the
immediate excitement. Who can deny this reli-
gious disorder is a parallel case to that of the sen-
sualist ? Nay, precisely the same as theirs, from
whom the religionists in question think themselves
422 ST. LUKE. [Serm.
very far removed, of the fashionable world I mean,
who read works of fiction, frequent the public
shows, are ever on the watch for novelties, and
affect a pride of manners and a " mincing ^" deport-
ment, and are ready with all kinds of good thoughts
and keen emotions on all occasions.
Of all such as abuse the decencies and elegancies
of moral truth into a means of luxurious enjoyment,
what would a prophet of God say? Hear the
words of the holy Ezekiel, that stem rough man
of God, a true Saint in the midst of a self-indul-
gent high-professing people. " Thou son of man,
the children of thy people still are talking against
thee by the walls and in the doors of the houses,
and speak one to another, every one to his brother,
saying, Come, I pray you, and hear what is the
word that cometh forth from the Lord. And they
come unto thee as the people cometh, and they sit
before thee as My people, and they hear thy words
but they will not do them ; for with their mouth
they show much love, but' their heart goeth after
their covetousness. And lo, thou art unto them as
a very lovely song of one that hath a pleasant voice,
and can play well on an instrument : for they hear
thy words, but they do them not ^"
Or, consider St. Paul's words ; which are still
more impressive, because he was himself a man of
learning and accomplishments, and took pleasure,
' Is. iii. 16. * Ezek. xxxiii. 30-32.
XXX.] DANGER OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS. 423
in due place, in the pursuits to which these gave
rise.
" Preach the word, be instant in season, out of
season ; reprove, rebuke, exhort, with all long-suf-
fering and doctrine. For the time will come when
they will not endure sound doctrine, but after their
own lusts shall they heap to themselves teachers,
having itching ears. And they shall turn away
their ears from the Truth, and shall be turned unto
fables." " Watch ye, stand fast in the faith, quit /
you like men, be strong '." ^i J(^ ^Y / ^
» 2 Tim. iv. 2 — 4. 1 Cor. xvi. 13.
SERMON XXXL
THE FEAST OF ST. SIMON AND ST.JUDE THE APOSTLES.
CHRISTIAN ZEAL.
John ii. 17.
The zeal of Thine house hath eaten Me up.
The Apostles commemorated on this Festival, direct
our attention to the subject of Zeal, which I propose
to consider, under our Saviour's guidance, as sug-
gested by the text. St. Simon is called Zelotes,
which means the Zealous ; a title given him (as is
supposed) from his belonging before his conversion
to the Jewish sect of Zealots, which professed ex-
traordinary Zeal for the law. Any how, the appel-
lation marks him as distinguished for this particular
Christian grace. St. Jude's Epistle, which forms
part of the service of the day, is almost wholly upon
the duty of manifesting Zeal for Gospel Truth,
and opens with a direct exhortation to " contend
earnestly for the Faith once delivered to the Saints."
The Collect also indirectly reminds us of the same
Sekm.XXXL] christian zeal. 425
duty, for it prays that all the members of the Church
may be united in spirit by the Apostles' doctrine ;
and what are these but the words of Zeal, viz. of a
love for the Truth and the Church so strong as not
to allow that man should divide what God hath
joined together?
However, it will be a more simple account of
Zeal, to call it the earnest desire for God's honour,
leading to strenuous and bold deeds in His behalf;
and that in spite of all obstacles. Thus when
Phinehas stood up and executed judgment in
Israel, he was zealous for God. David also, in his
punishment of the idolaters round about, and in pre-
paring for the building of the Temple, showed his
Zeal, which was one of his especial virtues. Elijah,
when he assembled the Israelites upon Mount Car-
mel, and slew the prophets of Baal, was " very
zealous for, the Lord God of Hosts." Hezekiah
besides, and Josiah, were led to their reformations
in religious worship by an admirable Zeal ; and Ne-
hemiah too, after the captivity, who with the very
fire and sweetness of Gospel Love set the repentant
nation in order for the coming of Christ.
1. Now Zeal is one of the elementary religious
qualifications ; that is, one of those which are
essential in the very notion of a religious man. A
man cannot be said to be in earnest in religion,
till he magnifies his God and Saviour ; till he so far
consecrates and exalts the thought of Him in
his heart, as an object of praise, adoration, and
426 ST. SIMON AND ST. JUDE. [Serm.
rejoicing as to be pained and grieved at dishonour
shown to Him, and eager to avenge Him. In a
word, a religious temper is one of loyalty towards
God ; and we all know what is meant by being
loyal from the experience of civil matters. To be
loyal is not merely to obey ; but to obey with
promptitude, energy, dutifulness, disinterested de-
votion, disregard of consequences. And such is
Zeal, except that it is ever attended with that
reverential feeling which is due from a creature
and a sinner towards his Maker, and towards
Him alone. It is a first step in all religious service
to love God above all things ; now Zeal is to love
Him above all men, above our dearest and most
intimate friends. This was the especial praise of
the Levites, which gained them the reward of the
Priesthood, viz. their executing judgment on the
people in the sin of the golden calf. " Let Thy
Thummim and Thy Urim be with Thy Holy One,
whom Thou didst prove at Massah, and with whom
Thou didst strive at the waters of Meribah. Who
said unto his father and to his mother, I have not
seen him ; neither did he acknowledge his brethren,
nor knew his own children ; for they have observed
Thy word, and kept Thy covenant. They shall
teach Jacob Thy Judgments, and Israel Thy Law ;
they shall put incense before Thee, and whole
burnt sacrifice upon Thine Altar. Bless Lord, his
substance, and accept the work of his hands ; smite
through the loins of them that rise against him.
XXXI.] CHRISTIAN ZEAL. 427
and of them that hate him, that they rise not
again." Phinehas was rewarded in like manner,
after executing judgment. " Behold I give unto
him My covenant of peace. And he shall have it,
and his seed after him, even the covenant of an ever-
lasting Priesthood, because he was zealous for his
God \" Zeal is the very consecration of God's
Ministers to their office. Accordingly, our Blessed
Saviour, the One Great High Priest, the Antitype
of all Priests who went before Him, and the Lord
and Strength of all who come after, began his mani-
festation of Himself by two acts of Zeal. When
twelve years old He deigned to put before us in re-
presentation the sacredness of this duty, when He
remained in the Temple " while His father and
mother sought Him sorrowing," and on their find-
ing Him, returned answer, " Wist ye not that I
must be about My Father's business?" And again,
at the opening of His public Ministry, He went into
the Temple, and " made a scourge of small cords,
and drove out the sheep and oxen, and overthrew
the changers' tables ^" that profaned it ; thus fulfil-
ing the prophecy contained in the text, " The Zeal
of Thine House hath eaten Me up."
Being thus consumed by Zeal himself, no wonder
He should choose his followers from among the
Zealous. James and John, whom He called
' Deut. xxxiii. 8 — 11. Numb. xxv. 12, 13.
' Luke ii. 48, 49. John ii. 15.
428 ST. SIMON AND ST. JUDE. [Serm.
Boanerges, the sons of thunder, had warm hearts,
when He called them, however wanting in know-
ledge ; and felt as if an insult offered to their Lord
should have called down fire from Heaven. Peter
cut off the right ear of one of those who seized Him.
Simon was of the sect of the Zealots. St. Paul's
case is still more remarkable. He, in his attach-
ment to the elder Covenant of God, had even
fought against Christ ; but he did so from earnest-
ness, from being " zealous towards God," though
blindly. He " verily thought with himself, that he
ought to do many things contrary to the name of
Jesus of Nazareth," and acted " in ignorance ^ ;"
so he was spared. With a sort of heavenly com-
passion his persecuted Lord told him, that it was
" hard for him to kick against the pricks ;" and
turned his ignorant zeal to better account. On
the same ground rests the commendation which
that Apostle bestows in turn upon his countrymen,
while he sorrowfully condemns their unpardonable
obstinacy. " My heart's desire and prayer to God
for Israel," he says, " is, that they might be saved ;
for I bear them record, that they have a Zeal of
God, but not according to knowledge ^" They
were guilty, because they might have known what
they did not know ; but so far as they were zealous,
they claimed from him a respectful notice, and
were far better surely than those haughty scomers,
' Acts xxvi. 9. 1 Tim. i. 13. ' Rom. x. 1.
XXXI] CHRISTIAN ZEAL. 429
the Romans, who felt no concern whether there was
a God or not, worshipped one idol as readily as
another, and spared the Apostles from contemptuous
pity. Of these was Gallio, who " cared for none
of those things," which either Jews or Christians
did. Such men are abominated by our Holy Lord,
who " honours them that honour Him," while
" they that despise Him, are lightly esteemed \"
He signifies this judgment of the lukewarm and dis-
loyal, in His message to the Church of Laodicea. " I
know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot.
I would thou wert cold or hot. So then, because
thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will
cast thee forth out of My mouth ^" Thus positive
misbelief is a less odious state of mind than the
temper of those who are indifferent to religion, who
say that one opinion is as good as the other, and
contemn or ridicule those who are in earnest.
Surely, if this world be a scene of contest between
good and evil, as Scripture declares, " he that is not
with Christ, is against Him ;" and Angels who
witness what is going on, and can estimate its
seriousness, may well cry out " Curse ye Meroz,
curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof, because
they came not to the help of the Lord, to the help
of the Lord against the mighty \"
I do not deny that this view of the subject is
different from that which certain principles and
' 1 Sam. ii. 30. ' Rev. iii. 15, 16. ' Judg. v. 23.
430 ST. SIMON AND ST. JUDE. [Serm.
theories now current in the world would lead us to
adopt; but this surely is no reason that it should
not be true, unless indeed, amid the alternate suc-
cesses of good and evil, there be any infallible
token given us to ascertain the superior illumina-
tion of the present century over all those which
^ have preceded it. In fact, we have no standard
I of Truth at all but the Bible, and to that I would
appeal. " To the Law and to the Testimony ;" if
the opinions of the day are conformable to it, let
them remain iti honour, but if not, however popu-
lar they may be at the moment, they will surely
come to nought. It is the present fashion to call
Zeal by the name of intolerance, and to account
intolerance the chief of sins ; that is, any earn-
estness for one opinion above another concerning
God's nature, will, and dealings with man, — or, in
other words, any earnestness for the Faith once
delivered to the Saints, any earnestness for Reve-
lation as such. Surely, in this sense, the Apostles
were the most intolerant of men ; what is it but
intolerance in this sense of the word to declare,
that " he that hath the Son hath life, and he that
hath not the Son of God hath not life ;" that " they
that obey not the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ,
shall be punished with everlasting destruction from
the presence of the Lord ;" that " neither fornica-
tors, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor covetous,
nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the
kingdom of God;" that we must not even "eat"
1
XXXI.] CHRISTIAN ZEAL. 431
with a brother who is one of such ; that we may
not " receive into our houses," or " bid God speed"
to any one who comes to us without the " doctrine
of Christ ?" Has not St. Paul, whom many seem
desirous of making an Apostle of less rigid principles
than his brethren, said even about an individual,
" The Lord reward him according to his works ^ !"
and though we of this day have not the spiritual
discernment which alone can warrant such a form
of words about this man or that, have we not here
given us a clear evidence, that there are cases in
which God's glory is irreconcileable with the sal-
vation of sinners, and when in consequence, it is
not unchristian to acquiesce in His judgments upon
them ? These words were deliberately written by
St. Paul, in the closing days of his life, when his
mind was most calm and heavenly, his hope most
assured, his reward immediately in view ; circum-
stances which render it impossible for any one who
even reverences St. Paul as a man of especial holi-
ness, to explain them away, not to insist on the
argument from his inspiration.
Such is Zeal, a Christian grace to the last, while
it is also an elementary virtue ; equally belonging
to the young convert, and the matured believer ;
displayed by Moses at the first, when he slew the
Egyptian, and by St. Paul in his last hours, while
he reached forth his hand for his heavenly crown.
' 1 John V. 12. 2 Thes. i. 8, 9. 1 Cor. vi. 9, 10. v. 11,
2 John 10, 11. 2 Tim. iv. 14.
432 ST. SIMON AiND ST. JUDE. [Skrm.
2. On the other hand, Zeal is an imperfect virtue ;
that is, in our fallen state, it will ever be attended
by unchristian feelings, if it is cherished by itself.
This is the case with many other tempers of mind,
which yet are absolutely required of us. Who
denies that it is a duty in the returning sinner to
feel abhorrence of his past offences, and a dread of
God's anger ? yet such feelings, unless faith accom-
pany them, lead to an unfruitful remorse, to de-
spair, to hardened pride ; or again, to perverse
superstitions. Not that humiliation is wrong in
any sense or degree, but it induces collateral weak-
nesses or sins, from unduly exciting one side of
our imperfect nature. Mercy becomes weakness,
when unattended by a sense of justice and firmness ;
the wisdom of the serpent becomes craft, unless
it be received into the harmlessness of the dove.
And Zeal, in like manner, though an essential part
of a Christian temper, is but a part ; and is in itself
imperfect, even for the very reason that it is ele-
mentary. Hence it appropriately fills so prominent
a place in the Jewish Dispensation, which was in-
tended to lay the foundation, as of Christian Faith,
so of the Christian character. Whether we read
the injunctions delivered by Moses against ido-
latry and idolaters, or trace the actual history of
God's chosen servants, such as Phinehas, Samuel,
Elijah, and especially David, we find that the Law
was peculiarly a Covenant of Zeal. On the other
hand, the Gospel brings out into its full propor-
XXXI.] CHRISTIAN ZEAL. 4^
tions, that perfect temper of mind, which the Law
enjoined indeed, but was deficient both in enforcing
and creating, — Love ; that is, Love or Charity, as
described by St. Paul in his first Epistle to the
Corinthians, which is not merely brotherly-love,
(a virtue ever included in the notion of Zeal itself,)
but a general temper of gentleness, meekness,
sympathy, tender consideration, open-heartedness
towards all men, brother or stranger, who come
in our way. In this sense, Zeal is of the Law, and
Love of the Gospel ; and Love perfects Zeal puri-
fying and regulating it. Thus the Saints of God
go on unto perfection. Moses ended his life as
" the meekest of men," though he began it with
undisciplined Zeal, which led him to a deed of vio-
lence. St. John, who would call down fire from
heaven, became the Apostle of love ; St. Paul, who
persecuted Christ's servants, " was made all things
to all men ;" yet, neither of them lost their Zeal,
though they trained it to be spiritual.
Love, however, is not the only grace which is
necessary to the perfection of Zeal ; Faith is another.
This, at first sight may sound strange ; for what is
Zeal, it may be asked, but a result of Faith ? wlio is
zealous for that in which he does not trust and de-
light ? Yet, it must be kept in mind, that we have
need of Faith, not only that we may direct our ac-
tions to a right object, but that we may perform
them rightly ; it guides us in choosing the means,
as well as the end. Now, Zeal is very apt to be
VOL. II. F f
454 ST. SIMON AND ST. JUDE. [Serm.
self-willed ; it takes upon itself to serve God in
its own way. This is evident from the very nature
of it ; for, in its ruder form, it manifests itself in
sudden and strong emotions at the sight of pre-
sumption or irreverence, proceeding to action almost
as a matter of feeling without having time to in-
quire which way is best. Thus, when our Lord
was seized by the officers, Peter forthwith " drew
his sword, and struck a servant of the High Priest's,
and smote off his ear \" Patience then, and resig-
nation to God's will, are tempers of mind of which
Zeal especially stands in need, — that dutiful faith,
which will take nothing for granted on the mere
suggestion of nature, looks up to God with the
eyes of a servant towards his master, and, as far as
may be, ascertains His will before it acts. If this
heavenly corrective be wanting. Zeal, as I have
said, is self-willed in its temper ; while, by using
sanctions, and expecting results of this world, it
becomes (what is commonly called,) political. Here,
again, we see the contrast between the Jewish and
the Christian Dispensations. The Jewish Law being
a visible system, sanctioned by temporal rewards
and punishments, necessarily involved the duty of
a political temper on the part of those who were
under it. They were bound to aim at securing the
triumph of Religion here; realizing its promises,
enjoying its successes, enforcing its precepts with
' Matt. xxvi. 51.
XXXI] CHRISTIAN ZEAL. 4^5
the sword. This, I say, was their duty ; and, as
fulfilling it, among other reasons, David is called " a
man after God's own heart." But the Gospel
teaches us to " walk by Faith, not by sight ;" and
Faith teaches us so to be zealous, as still to forbear
anticipating the next world, but to wait till the
Judoe shall come. St. Peter drew his sword, in
order (as he thought) to realize at once that good
work on which his heart was set, our Lord's de-
liverance ; and, on this very account, he met with
that Saviour's rebuke, who presently declared to
Pilate, that His Kingdom was not of this world,
else would His servants fight. Christian Zeal,
therefore, ever bears in mind that the Mystery of
Iniquity is to continue on till the Avenger solves it
once for all ; it renounces all hope of hastening
His coming, all desire of intruding upon His work.
It has no vain imaginings about the world's real
conversion to Him, however men may acknowledge
Him outwardly, knowing that it lies in wickedness.
It has recourse to no officious modes of propagating
or strengthening His truth. It does not flatter and
ally itself with Samaria, in order to repress Syria.
It does not exalt an Iduma^an as its king, though he
be willing to beautify the Temple, or has influence
with the Emperors of the World. It plans no
intrigues ; it recognises no parties ; it relies on no
arm of flesh. It looks for no essential improve-
ments or permanent reformations, in the dispensa-
tion of those precious gifts which are ever pure in
F f 2
436 ST. SIMON AND ST. JUDE. [Serm.
their origin, ever corrupted in man's use of them.
It acts acording to God's will, (this time or that,
as it comes,) boldly and promptly ; yet letting each
act stand by itself, as a sufficient service to Him,
not connecting them by hope, or vi^orking them
into system, further than He commands. In a
word. Christian Zeal is not political.
Two reflections arise from considering this last
characteristic of the virtue in question ; and with
a brief notice of these I will conclude.
1. First, it is too evident how grievously the
Church of Rome has erred in this part of Christian
duty. Let her doctrines be as pure as her defend-
ers represent, still she has indisputably made the
Church an instrument of worldly politics by a
" zeal not according to knowledge." Let us grant
that her doctrine was not fatally corrupted till the
sixteenth century, nevertheless, from the eleventh
at least, she has made Christ's Kingdom of this
world. I will not inquire whether she committed
the additional most miserable sin of rebellion
against Csesar ; though from what we see around
us at this day, there is great reason to fear, that
from the beginning of her power she has been
tainted with it. But consider the principles re-
cognised in her practice, though not adopted into
her formal teaching, since the date I have men-
tioned, and then say, whether she has not failed in
this essential duty of a Christian Witness, viz. in
preserving the spiritual character of Christ's king-
XXXI.] CHRISTIAN ZEAL. 457
dom '. In saying this, I would not willingly deny
the great debt we owe to that Church for her faith-
ful custody of the Faith itself through so many
centuries ; nor seem unmindful of the circum-
stances of other times, the gradual growth of reli-
gious error, and the external dangers which ap-
peared to place the cause of Christianity itself in
jeopardy, and to call for extraordinary measures of
defence. Much less would I speak disrespectfully
of the eminent men, who were the agents under
Providence in various stages of that mysterious
Dispensation, and whom, however our Zeal may
burn, we must in very Charity believe to be,
what their works and sufferings betoken, single-
minded, self-denying servants of their God and
Saviour.
2. The Roman Church then has become poli-
tical ; but let us of the present day, beware of run-
ning into the other extreme, and of supposing that,
because Christ's Kingdom is not based upon this
world, that it is not connected with it. Surely it
was established here for the sake of this world, and
must ever act in it, as if a part of it, though its
origin is from above. Like the Angels which ap-
peared to the Patriarchs, it is a Heavenly Mes-
senger in human form. In its Polity, its Public
' Among the principles referred to are the following, which
occur among the Dictatus Hildebrandi ; " Quod liceat illi [Papae]
imperatores deponere ;" " Quod a fidelitate iniquorum subditos
potest absolvere." Vid. Laud against Fisher, p. 181.
438 ST. SIMON AND ST. JUDE. [Serm.
Assemblies, its Rules and Ordinances, its Censures,
and its Possessions, it is a visible body, and to ap-
pearance, an institution of this world. It is no
faulty zeal to labour to preserve it in the form in
which Christ gave it.
And further, it should ever be recollected, that,
though the Church is not of this world, yet we have
assurance from God's infallible word, that there
are in the world temporal and present Dispensers
of His Eternal Justice. We are expressly told, that
" the powers that be are ordained of God ;" that
they " bear not the sword in vain, but are ministers
of God, revengers to execute wrath upon the evil-
doer," and bestow " praise" on those who do well.
Hence, as being gifted with a portion of God's
power, they hold an office of a priestly nature ',
and are armed with the fearful sanction, that *' they
that resist them, shall receive to themselves Judg-
ment." On this ground, religious Rulers have
always felt it to be their duty to act as in God's
place for the promulgation of the Truth ; and the
Church, on the other hand, has seen her obligation
not only to submit to them in things temporal, but
zealously to co-operate with them in her own line,
towards those sacred objects which they have both
in common. And thus has been happily fulfilled
for fifteen hundred years, Isaiah's prophecy, that
" kings should be nursing fathers to the Church,
' Xctroupyot GeoD. Rom. xiii. 1 — 6.
XXXI.] CHRISTIAN ZEAL. 439
and queens her nursing mothers." Yet, clearly
there is nothing here, either of a self-willed zeal, or
political craft, in the conduct of the Church ; inas-
much as she has but submitted herself thereby to
the guidance of the revealed Word.
May Almighty God, for His dear Son's sake,
lead us safely through these dangerous times ; so
that, while we never lay aside our Zeal for His
honour, we may sanctify it by Faith and Charity,
neither staining our garments by wrath or violence,
nor soiling them with the dust of a turbulent
SERMON XXXII.
THE FEAST OF ALL SAINTS.
USE OF SAINTS' DAYS.
Acts i. 8.
Ye shall be Witnesses unto Me, both in Jerusalem, and in all
Judea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the
earth.
So many were the wonderful works which our
Saviour did on earth, that not even the world itself
could have contained the books recording them.
Nor have his marvels been less since He ascended
on high ; — those works of higher grace and more
abiding fruit, wrought in the souls of men, from the
first hour till now, — the captives of His power, the
ransomed heirs of His kingdom, whom He has
called by His Spirit working in due season, and led
on from strength to strength till they appear before
His face in Zion. Surely not even the world itself
could contain the records of His love, the history
of those many Saints, that " cloud of Witnesses,"
whom we to-day celebrate. His purchased posses-
sion in every age ! We crowd these all up into
Serm. XXXIL] use of SAINTS' DAYS. 441
one day ; we mingle together in the brief remem-
brance of an hour all the choicest deeds, the holiest
lives, the noblest labours, the most precious suffer-
ings, which the sun ever saw. Even the least of
those Saints were the contemplation of many days,
— even the names of them, if read in our Service,
would outrun many settings and risings of the light,
— even one passage in the life of one of them were
more than sufficient for a long discourse. " Who
can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of
the fourth part of Israel \" Martyrs and Confes-
sors, Rulers and Doctors of the Church, devoted
Ministers and Religious brethren, kings of the
earth and all people, princes and judges of the
earth, young men and maidens, old men and chil-
dren, the first fruits of all ranks, ages, and callings,
gathered each in his own time into the paradise of
God. This is the blessed company which to-day meets
the Christian pilgrim in the Services of the Church.
We are like Jacob, when, on his journey home-
wards, he was encouraged by a heavenly vision.
" Jacob went on his way, and the Angels of God
met him ; and when Jacob saw them, he said. This
is God's host, and he called the name of that place
Mahanaim ^"
And such a host was also seen by the favoured
Apostle, as described in the chapter from which the
Epistle of the day is taken. " I beheld, and lo, a
' Numb, xxiii. 10. » Gen. xxxii. 1, 2.
442 ALL SAINTS, [Serm.
great multitude, which no man coukl number, of
all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues,
stood before the Lamb, clothed with white robes,
and palms in their hands. . . . These are they
which came out of great tribulation, and have
washed their robes, and made them white in the
blood of the Lamb \"
This great multitude, which no man could num-
ber, is gathered into this one day's commemoration,
the goodly fellowship of the Prophets, the noble
army of Martyrs, the Children of the Holy Church
Universal, who have rested from their labours.
The reason of this disposition of things is as fol-
lows:— Some centuries ago there were too many
Saints' days ; and they became an excuse for idle-
ness. Nay, worse still, by a great and almost in-
credible perverseness, instead of glorifying God in
His Saints, Christians came to pay them an honour
approaching to divine worship. The consequence
was, that it became necessary to take away their
Festivals, and to commemorate them all at once in a
summary way. Now men go into the contrary ex-
treme. These Holydays, few though they be, are
not duly observed. Such is the way of mankind,
ever contriving to slip by their duty, and fall into
one or other extreme of error. Idle or busy, they
are in both cases wrong; idle, and so neglecting
their duties towards man ; busy, and so neglecting
their duties towards God. We have little to do
* Rev. vii, 9. 14.
XXXIL] USE OF SAINTS' DAYS. 443
however with the faults of others; — let us then,
passing by the error of idling time under pretence
of observing many Holydays, rather speak of the
fault of our own day, viz., of neglecting to observe
them, and that, under pretence of being too busy.
Our Church abridged the number of Holydays,
thinking it right to have but a few ; but we ac-
count any as too much. For, taking us as a nation, '
we are bent on gain ; and grudge any time which
is spent without reference to our worldly business.
We should seriously reflect whether this neglect of
the appointments of religion be not a great national
sin. As to individuals, I can easily understand how
it is that they pass them over. A considerable
number of persons, (for instance,) have not their
time at their own disposal. They are in service or
business, and it is their duty to attend to the orders
of their masters or employers, — which keep them
from Church. Or they have particular duties to
keep them at home, though they are their own
masters. Or, it even may be said, that the circum-
stances under which they find their calling, the
mode in which it is exercised by others, may be a
sort of reason for doing as others do. It may be
such a worldly loss to them to leave their trade on a
Saint's-day and go to Church, as to appear to them
a reason in conscience for their not doing so. I
do not wish to give an opinion upon this case or
that, which is a matter for the individual imme-
diately concerned. Still, I say on tlic whole, that
444 ALL SALNTS. [Serm.
State of society must be defective, which renders it
necessary for the Ordinances of religion to be neg-
lected. There must be a fault somewhere ; and it is
the duty of every one of us to clear himself of his
own portion of the fault, to avoid partaking in other
men's sins, and to do his utmost that others may
extricate themselves from the blame too.
I say this neglect of religious Ordinances is an
especial fault of these latter ages. There was a
time when men openly honoured the Gospel ; and
when, consequently, they had each of them more
means of becoming religious. The institutions of
the Church were impressed upon the face of society.
Dates were reckoned not so much by months and
seasons, as by sacred Festivals. The world kept
pace with the Gospel ; the arrangements of legal
and commercial business were regulated by a
Christian rule. Something of this still remains
among us ; but such customs are fast vanishing.
Mere grounds of utility are considered sufficient for
re-arranging the order of secular engagements. Men
think it waste of time to wait upon the course of the
Christian year ; and they think they gain more by
a business-like method, and the neatness, dispatch,
and clearness in their worldly transactions conse-
quent upon it, (and this perhaps they really do
gain,) but they think they gain more by it, than
they lose by dropping the Memorials of religion.
These they really do lose ; they lose those regula-
tions which at stated times brought the concerns of
XXXII.] USE OF SAINTS' DAYS. 445
another life before their minds; and, if the truth
must be spoken, they often rejoice in losing what
officiously interfered, as they consider, with their
temporal schemes, and reminded them they were
mortal.
Or view another part of the subject. It was
once the custom for the Churches to be open
through the day, that at spare times Christians
might enter them, and be able to throw off for some
minutes the cares of the world in religious exer-
cises. Services were appointed for separate hours
in the day, to allow of the attendance in whole or
part of those who happened to be at hand. Those
who could not come still might keep their service-
book with them ; and at least repeat at times the
prayers in private, which were during the passing
hour offered in Church. Thus provision was made
for the spiritual sustenance of Christians day by
day ; for that daily-needed bread which far exceeds
" the bread that perisheth." All this is now at
an end. We dare not open our Churches, lest
men should profane them instead of worshipping.
As for an accurately arranged Ritual, too many of
us have learned to despise it, and to consider it a
form. Thus the world has encroached on the
Church ; the lean kine have eaten up the fat. We
are threatened with years of spiritual famine, with
the triumph of the enemies of the Truth, and with
the stifling, or at least enfeebling of the Voice of
Truth ; — and why ? All because we have neglected
446 ALL SAINTS. [Serm.
those religious observances through the year which
the Church commands, which we are bound to
observe ; while, by neglecting, we have provided a
sort of argument for those who have wished to do
them away altogether. No party of men can keep
together without stated meetings ; assemblings are,
we know, the very life of political associations.
Viewing, then, the institutions of the Church merely
in a human point of view, how can we possess
power as Christians, if we do not, and on the other
hand, what great power we should have, if we did,
flock to the Ordinances of religion, present a bold
face to the world, and show that Christ has still
servants true to Him? That we come to Church
on Sundays is a help this way doubtless; but it
would be a vastly more powerful evidence of our
earnestness for the Truth, if we testified for Christ
at some worldly inconvenience to ourselves, which
would be the case with some of us on other Holy-
days. Can we devise a more powerful mode of
preaching to men at large, and one in which the
most unlearned and most timid among us might
more easily partake, of preaching Christ as a warn-
ing and a remembrance, than if all who loved the
Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity, made it a practice
to throng the Churches on the week-day Festivals
and various Holy Seasons, allowing less religious
persons the while to make the miserable gains,
which greater keenness in the pui'suit of this world
certainly does secure ?
1
XXXII.] USE OF SAINTS' DAYS. 447
I have not yet mentioned the peculiar benefit to
be derived from the observance of Saints' days;
which obviously lies in their setting before the
mind patterns of excellence for us to follow. In
directing us to these, the Church does but fulfil the
design of Scripture. Consider how great a part of
the Bible is historical ; and how much of the history
is merely the lives of those men who were God's in-
struments in their respective ages. Some of them
are no patterns for us, others show marks of the
corruption under which human nature universally
lies : — yet the chief of them are specimens of espe-
cial faith and sanctity, and are set before us with the
evident intention of exciting and guiding us in our
religious course. Such are above others, Abraham,
Joseph, Job, Moses, Joshua, Samuel, David, Elijah,
Jeremiah, Daniel, and the like ; and in the New
Testament the Apostles and Evangelists. First of
all, and in His own incommunicable glory, our
Blessed Lord Himself gives us an example; but
His faithful servants lead us on towards Him, and
confirm and diversify His pattern. Now, it has
been the aim of our Church in her Saints' days to
maintain the principle, and set a pattern, of this
peculiarly Scriptural teaching.
And we, at the present day, have particular need
of the discipline of such commemorations as Saints'
days, to recall us to ourselves. It is a fault of these
times, (for we have nothing to do with the faults
of other times) to despise the past in comparison of
448 ALL SAINTS. [Serm.
the present. We can scarce open any of the
lighter or popular publications of the day without
falling upon some panegyric on ourselves, on the
illumination and humanity of the age, or upon
some disparaging remarks on the wisdom and vir-
tues of former times. Now it is a most salutary
thing under this temptation to self-conceit to be
reminded that in all the highest qualifications of
human excellence, we have been far outdone by
men who lived centuries ago ; that a standard of
truth and holiness was then set up, which we are not
likely to reach, and that, as for thinking to become
wiser and better, or more acceptable to God than
they were, it is a mere dream. Here we are taught
the true value and relative importance of the va-
rious gifts of the mind. The showy talents, in which
the present age prides itself, fade away before the
true metal of Prophets and Apostles. Its boasted
" knowledge" is but a shadow of " power" before
the vigorous strength of heart which they displayed,
who could calmly work moral miracles, as well as
speak with the lips of inspired wisdom. Would
that St. Paul or St. John could rise from the dead !
How would the minute philosophers who now con-
sider intellect and enlightened virtue all their own,
shrink into nothing before those well-tempered,
sharp-edged weapons of the Lord ! Are not we come
to this ? is it not our shame as a nation, that, if not
the Apostles themselves, at least the ecclesiastical
System they devised, and the Order they founded,
XXXII.] USE OF SAINTS' DAYS. 449
are viewed with coldness and disrespect ? How few
are there who look with reverent interest upon the
Bishops of the Church as the Successors of the
Apostles ; honouring them, if they honour, merely
because they like them as individuals, and not from
any thought of the peculiar sacredness of their
office ! Well, let it be ! the End must one time
come. It cannot be that things should stand still
thus. Christ's Church is indestructible ; and, last-
ing on through all the vicissitudes of this world, she
mmt rise again and flourish, when the poor crea-
tures of a day who opposed her, have crumbled into
dust. " No weapon that is formed against her shall
prosper." " Rejoice not against me, O mine enemy !
when 1 fall, I shall arise ; when I sit in darkness,
the Lord shall be a light unto me '." In the mean
time let us not forget our duty ; which is, after the
example of Saints, to take up our cross meekly and
pray for our enemies.
These are thoughts suitably to be impressed
on us, on ending (as we do now) the yearly
Festivals of the Church. Every year brings won-
ders. We know not any year, what wonders shall
have happened before the circle of Festivals has
run out again, from St. Andrew's to All Saints*.
Our duty then is, to wait for the Lord's coming,
to prepare His way before Him, to pray that
when He comes we may be found watching, to
* Isaiah liv. 17. Micah vii. 8.
VOL. II. G g
450 ALL SAINTS. [Serm. XXXIL
pray for our country, for our King and all in au-
thority under him, that God would vouchsafe to
enlighten the understandings and change the hearts
of men in power, and make them act in His faith
and fear, for all orders and conditions of men, and
especially for that branch of His Church which He
has planted here. Let us not forget, in our lawful
and fitting horror at evil men, that they have
souls, and that they know not what they do, when
they oppose the Truth. Let us not forget, that we
are sons of sinful Adam as well as they, and have
had advantages to aid our faith and obedience
above other men. Let us not forget, that, as we
are called to be Saints, so we are, by that very
calling, called to suffer ; and, if we suffer, must not
think it strange concerning the fiery trial that is to
try us, nor be puffed up by our privilege of suffer-
ing, nor bring suffering needlessly upon us, nor be
eager to make out we have suffered for Christ,
when we have but suffered for our faults, or not
at all. May God give us grace to act upon these
rules, as well as to adopt and admire them ; and to
say nothing for saying's sake, but to do much and
say little !
NOTE
ON SERMON XIII.— P. 165.
The instrumentality of the Spiritual Sustenance received in the
Lord's Supper, in the renewal of the whole man, body as well as
soul, in holiness and immortality, is a doctrine so solemn, so
momentous in its influence upon the entire Christian system, and
so little understood at the present day, that it may be right to
cite one or two authorities in support of it. This is done, not
under the notion that such authorities will weigh with certain rea-
soners, but, in order that those whose minds are not made up on
the subject, may see how far they must go, if they would at once
scornfully or rudely reject the doctrine thus sanctioned ; involving,
as they necessarily must in such treatment, a disrespect towards
writers, whose opinions, though not infallible, have ever a claim
on the consideration and deference of members of the Church.
Hooker is known to be opposed to any formal doctrinal asser-
tion of the presence of Christ in the sacred Elements, and espe-
cially on this ground, lest any such should withdraw our minds
from His real presence and operation in the soul and body of the
recipient. The following passages are from his Ecclesiastical
Polity, V. 56, 57. 67. " We are by nature the sons of Adam.
When God created Adam, He created us ^.^and as many as are
descended from Adam, have in themselve^"THe root out of which
they spring. The sons of God we neither are all, nor any one of
us, otherwise than only by grace and favour. The sons of God
have God's own natural Son as a second Adam from heaven,
whose race and progeny they are by spiritual and heavenly birth.
God therefore loving eternally His Son, He must needs eternally
G j; 2
452 NOTE ON SERMON XIII.
in Him have loved and preferred before all others, them which
are spiritually sithence descended and sprung out of Him ....
Our being in Christ by eternal foreknowledge, saveth us not
without our actual and real adoption into the fellowship of His
Saints in this present world. For in Him we actually are, by
our actual incorporation into that Society which hath Him for
their head ; and doth make together with Him one body, (He
and they in that respect having one name,) for which cause, by
virtue of this mystical conjunction, we are of Him, and in Him,
even as though our very flesh and bones should be made con-
tinuate with His. . . . The Church is in Christ, as Eve was in
Adam. Yea, by grace we are every of us in Christ and in His
Church, as by nature we were in those our first parents. God
made Eve of the rib of Adam ; and His Church He frameth out
of the very flesh, the very wounded and bleeding side of the Son
of Man. His body crucified, and His blood shed for the life of
the world, are the True Elements of that heavenly being, which
maketh us such as Himself is, of whom we come. For which
cause, the words of Adam may be fitly the words of Christ con-
cerning His Church, * Flesh of My flesh, and bone of My bones ;'
a true nature extract out of my own body. So that in Him,
even according to His Manhood, we, according to our heavenly
being, are as branches in that root out of which they grow. . . .
Adam is in us as an original cause of our nature, and of that
corruption of nature which causeth death ; Christ, as the cause
original of restoration to life. Thei person of Adam is not in us,
but his nature, and the corruption of his nature derived into all
men by propagation ; Christ having Adam's nature, as we have,
but incorrupt, deriveth not nature, but incorruption, and t/iat
immediately from His own person, into all that belong unto Him.
As therefore we are really partakers of the body of sin and death
received from Adam, so except we be truly partakers of Christ,
and as really possessed of His Spirit, all we speak of eternal life
is but a dream. That which quickeneth us is the Spirit of the
second Adam, and His Flesh is that wherewith He quickeneth.
That which in Him made our nature uncorrupt was the union of
lo
NOTE ON SERMON XIII. 453
His Deity with our nature. . . . These things St. Cyril duly
considering, reproveth their speeches, which taught that only the
Deity of Christ is the vine whereupon we by faith do depend as
branches, and that neither His Flesh, nor our bodies, are comprised
in this resemblance. For, doth any man doubt, but that even from
the Flesh of Christ, our very bodies do receive that life which shall
make them glorious at the latter day ; and for which they are
already accounted parts of His Blessed Body ? . . . . Christ is
therefore, both as God and as man, that true vine, whereof we,
both spiritually and corporally, are branches. The mixture of His
bodily substance with ours, is a thing which the ancient Fathers
disclaim." .... That saving grace which Christ originally is, or
hath for the general good of His whole Church, by Sacraments
He severally deriveth into every member thereof. Sacraments
serve as the instruments of God, to that end and purpose. . . .
Our souls and bodies quickened to eternal life, are effects, the
cause whereof, is the Person of Christ ; His Body and Blood are
the true well-spring out of which this life floweth. So that His
Body and Blood are in that very subject whereunto they minister
life ; not only by effect or operation, even as the influence of the
heavens is in plants, beasts, men, and in every thing which they
quicken ; but also by a far more divine and mystical kind of
union, which maketh us one with Him, even as He and the Father
are one. The real presence of Christ's most Blessed Body and
Blood is not therefore to be sought for in the Sacrament, but in the
worthy receiver of the Sacrament. . . They (the Sacramentaries)
grant that these holy Mysteries, received in due manner, do in-
strumentally both make us partakers of the grace of that Body and
Blood which were given for the life of the world, and besides also
im/art to us,evenin true andreal,thoughmysticalmanner,the very
person of our Lord Himself , whole, perfect, and entire." ... It is
impossible to do justice to this most instructive Author by mere
extracts. The whole of his discussion should be diligently read
and mastered by those who wish to know the sublime, yet cautious
doctrine of our Church on the subject, securing essentials, here as
elsewhere, but allowing her ch'ldren to differ as to minuter points.
454 NOTE ON SERMON XIII.
It is plain, that Hooker accounted the Lord's Supper, as a chief
means of conveying to the body a principle of life, distinct alto-
gether from that physical life we now live, the seed of immorta-
lity not to be developed till the resurrection, the rudiment of the
spiritual body which will then be given us. (Vid. § 68. fin.)
But too many students and writers glance over his pages in a
careless way, and not imagining that his statements are to be
interpreted in their plain sense, do but find in them an obscurity,
which they attribute to an antiquated style ; or going further,
they interpret " mystical" to mean nothing more than "figura-
tive," and consider his whole discussion, the over-subtle treat-
ment of a true but merely general analogy ; or, further still, a
mere unintelligible disputation derived from the schools.
Ignatius, Epist. ad Ephes. 20. tva dprov K'Xwvrtc, oq Itrri
(papfjiaKuv adavaaiaQ, avriSoTog tov airoQavtiv, ctWa C^v tv^lj\(jov
XpiffTM Sia TvavTOc,
Irenaeus contr. Haeres. iv. 18. plainly discriminates between
the body considered as physical and mortal, and the spiritual body
that shall be, and describes the Eucharist as the present seed of
the latter. Ilwe rifv aapKa Xiyovaiv eig (pdopav ■)(^iopEl.y, Kai yu?)
^eriyEiv Ttjc ^w>}€, T^f' a?ro rov awfiaroQ tov Kvplov, kuI roii alfiarOQ
avTov rpecpofjieyrfv ; . . . a>c yap airo yfJQ aprog TrpoGXa^foavojJievoQ
T^v tfCKXijfftv TOV Qeov ovkIti KOivoQ apToc (.(JTiv, a)OC ev'^^apiaTia,
tK dvo TrpayfiaTWf avyeirrrjKvla, emyeiov te Kal ovpaviov' ovrwg
Koi Th(TU}jxaTa ii^iov fiETaXafifiavovTa rfjg tvxapioTt'ae./XTjK'ert elvai
(pdapra, ti)v eXTriSa TtJQ elg aiiUvag avaorafrewc cj^ovra.
Again, v. 2. 'EtteiOj/ fxeXri avTov eufiEi', Kal ^la rfjc KTiareuiQ
Tpe(p6fiEda, r»/i' Se ktictlv ij^lv avToq Trapi^Ei, tov ijXtov avTOv ava-
teXXwv, kcu (ipiyuyv, Kadwc (oovXetul, to aico ttjq /crtfffwc iroTijpwv,
a'lfia 'iSiov ti»y:xoXoyr/<7£v, e^ ov to {jfiETEpov ^evei aifia, Kal tov euro
7-^C KTiaEuyg apTOv, 'iBiov awjia SufiEfianjjffaTO, a<p' ov to. t/fiETEpa
av^Ei aufxaTa. 'Ottote ovv Kal to KEKpafiivov izoTijpiov, Kal 6 ye-
yoviiiQ ftproc iTri^f'x^rairov \oyov TOvQeoVfKal yiverat »/ EV-)(api(TTia
(TWfia XpiiTTOv, £K TOVTtov Se av^Ei Kal avviaTaTai ?/ Trjc arapKog
>/^wv virofT-aair, ttwc Sektikijv jii) Etiai Xiyovai ti)v aapKa TrJQ
^wptdc rod Qeov ijrig eaTi ^w») a'tuyioc, T))r airo rov (Tiofiarog Kal
NOTE ON SERMON XIII. 455
aifiUTOQ Tuiy Kvpioy Tpe(j>oiJ.£yr]v, Kal fitXog avTov virapj^pvaav ;
K. T. \.
Athanasius, de Incamat. § 16. [p. 883, ed. Benedict.] iSi^a^e
yap ijudg tv ry tvy^^, iv tS vvv aliovi alrelv tov eiriovmov aproy,
TOVTEfrri TOV fiiWovra, ov airapj^riv f.-)^ofiev kv rfj vvv ^wy rfjg
aapKog tov Kvpiov fitTa\afi(^avovTtQ . . . wvevfia yap ^woiroiovv
r; (TapE, zcttl tov Kvpiov.
Chrysostom, Horn. xxiv. in 1 Cor. [t. xi. p. 257, ed. Due]
'ETTft^^ f] TTpoTtpa Trie crapKOQ (pvcng t] airo yijg SiaTrXaffdeicra otto
7-^e afxapTiae e00aff£ veKpiodfjvai, Kal ^ojiJQ yeveadai tpjjyiog, eripav,
wg av e'lTToi Tig, fxa^av kui l^vfir}v kvti(Ti]yay£, ttjv lavTOv aapKa,
fviTei fxev ovaav Tijv avTrjv, afxapTiag ^e airrjWayfiivrjv, Kal ^wijg
yifiovaav' Kal irdaiv eSwKev avTJjg fitTaXafi^dvtiv, "iva TavTy Tpe-
(l)6fievoi Kal Tr)v TrpoTspav airodifitvoi Trjv vEKpdv, elg tijv ^ii)i)v Tr)v
aQavaTov hia Trig TpaviCr]g dvaKepaffOutfiev TavTrjg.
Vid. Cyril. Alex. t. vi. Explan. Duodec. Cap. p. 156. d. contr.
Julian, t. viii. p. 258 b. &c. ApoUin. apud Theodor. Eranist.
ii. fin.
A number of instances from the Fathers is supplied in John-
son's Unbloody Sacrifice, Part ii. ch. ii. § i. Vid. also Petav.
de Incam. ii. 8, 9. x. 2. Vid. also Patrick's Mensa Mystica,
Sect. i. ch. 5. It is scarcely necessary to refer to the Homily
on the Sacrament, part i., and our Communion Service, for
concise statements of the same doctrine.
THE END.
LONDON:
GILBERT & RIVINGTON, PRINTERS,
ST. John's square.
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